ISSN: 1734-9923
eISSN: 2300-7621
OAI
DOI: 10.18276/aie.2018.42-01
Liste der Ausgaben /
42 (2018)
Withholding and Withdrawing Life-Saving Treatment: Ordinary/Extraordinary Means, Autonomy & Futility
| Autoren: |
Alan
Kearns
Dublin City University Bert Gordijn Dublin City University |
| Schlüsselbegriffe: | równoważenie środki nadzwyczajne daremność porządkowanie leksykalne środki zwyczajne autonomia pacjenta prima facie zaniechanie i zaprzestanie stosowania środków medycznych |
| Veröffentlichungsdatum der gesamten Ausgabe: | 2018 |
| Seitenanzahl: | 29 (5-33) |
Abstract
W artykule zarysowujemy trzy zasady określające refleksję etyczną nad zaniechaniem i zaprzestaniem stosowania środków medycznych podtrzymujących życie: 1) zasadę zwyczajnych i nadzwyczajnych środków medycznych 2) zasadę poszanowania autonomii pacjenta i 3) zasadę daremności. Gdy należy podjąć decyzję o stosowaniu albo zaniechaniu/zaprzestaniu stosowania środków medycznych, zasady te zapewniają perspektywę normatywną służącą stwierdzeniu, jakie postępowanie jest obowiązkowe. Każda z zasad ustanawia jednak inny obowiązek, co prowadzi do konfliktu i naglącym czyni pytanie, której z nich należy przyznać pierwszeństwo. Po naszkicowaniu powszechnie uznanych sposobów rozsądzania konfliktu zasad etycznych, stosujemy do zasad zwyczajnych i nadzwyczajnych środków medycznych, poszanowania autonomii pacjenta i daremności zaproponowaną przez Veatcha mieszaną strategię równoważenia i porządkowania leksykalnego. Przedstawiamy w naszym artykule opinię, że aczkolwiek rozwiązanie konfliktu zasad nigdy nie jest łatwe, to jednak przyjęcie mieszanej strategii równoważenia i porządkowania leksykalnego pozwala posunąć naprzód dyskusję nad obowiązkami etycznymi odnoszącymi się do zaniechania i zaprzestania stosowania środków medycznych podtrzymujących życie.
herunterladen
Artikeldatei
Bibliographie
| 1. | Aghabarary, M. and Nayeri, N. D. (2016). Medical Futility and its Challenges: A Review Study. Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 9 (11), 1–13. |
| 2. | Agich G. J. (1990). Reassessing Autonomy in Long-Term Care. The Hastings Center Report, 20 (6), 12–17. |
| 3. | Ashley, B. M. and O’Rourke, K. D. (2002). Ethics of Health Care: An Introductory Textbook, 3rd edition. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press. |
| 4. | Atwell, J. (1978). Ross and Prima Facie Duties. Ethics, 88 (3), 240–249. |
| 5. | Baines, P. (2008). Medical Ethics for Children: Applying the Four Principles to Paediatrics. Journal of Medical Ethics, 34 (3), 141–145. |
| 6. | Bailey, S. (2003). The Concept of Futility in Health Care Decision Making. Nursing Ethics, 11 (1), 77–83. |
| 7. | Beauchamp, T. L. (2003). Ethical Theory and Bioethics. In: T. L. Beauchamp and L. Walters (ed.), Contemporary Issues in Bioethics, 6th edition (pp. 1–27). New York: Wadsworth. |
| 8. | Beauchamp, T. L. and Childress, J. F. (2013). Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 7th edition. New York: Oxford University Press. |
| 9. | Bedford, E.L. (2011). Of Food and Water and the Obligation to Provide: John Paul II and Christian Anthropology. Christian Bioethics, 17 (2), 105–122. |
| 10. | Beever, J. and Brightman, A. O. (2016). Reflexive Principlism as an Effective Approach for Developing Ethical Reasoning in Engineering. Science and Engineering Ethics, 22 (1), 275–291. |
| 11. | Bernat, J. L. (2005). Medical Futility: Definition, Determination, and Disputes in Critical Care. Neurocritical Care, 2 (2), 198–205. |
| 12. | Biggar, N. (2004). Aiming to Kill: The Ethics of Suicide and Euthanasia. London: Darton, Longman & Todd. |
| 13. | Bretzke, J. T. (2013). Handbook of Roman Catholic Moral Terms. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. |
| 14. | Brody, H. (1985). Autonomy Revisited: Progress in Medical Ethics: Discussion Paper. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 78 (5), 380–387. |
| 15. | Brown, G. T. (2014). Clarifying the Concept of Medical Futility. National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly, 14 (1), 39–46. |
| 16. | Buchanan, A. (1978). Medical Paternalism. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 7 (4), 370–390. |
| 17. | Calipari, M. (2004). The Principle of Proportionality in Therapy: Foundations and Applications Criteria. NeuroRehabilitation, 19 (4), 391–397. |
| 18. | Callahan, D. (1984). Autonomy: A Moral Good, Not a Moral Obsession. The Hastings Center Report, 14 (5), 40–42. |
| 19. | Catechism of the Catholic Church (2003). |
| 20. | http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s1c1a4.htm |
| 21. | Chandler, J. A. (2011). ‘Obligatory Technologies’ and the Autonomy of Patients in Biomedical Ethics. Griffith Law Review, 20 (4), 905–930. |
| 22. | Childress, J. F. (2007). Methods in Bioethics. In: B. Steinbock (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Bioethics (pp. 15–45). Oxford: Oxford University Press. |
| 23. | Clark, P. (2006). Tube Feedings and Persistent Vegetative State Patients: Ordinary or Extraordinary Means? Christian Bioethics, 12 (1), 43–64. |
| 24. | Coy, J. (1989). Autonomy-Based Informed Consent: Ethical Implications for Patient Non-compliance. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 69 (10), 826–833. |
| 25. | Cronin, D. A. (1989). The Moral Law in Regard to the Ordinary and Extraordinary Means of Conserving Life. In: R. E. Smith (ed.), Conserving Human Life, (pp. 1–145). Braintree, Mass.: Pope John Center. |
| 26. | Dawson, A. and Garrard, E. (2006). In Defence of Moral Imperialism: Four Equal and Universal Prima Facie Principles. Journal of Medical Ethics, 32 (4), 200–204. |
| 27. | Demarco, J. P. and Ford, P. J. (2006). Balancing in Ethical Deliberation: Superior to Specification and Casuistry, Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 31 (5), 483–497. |
| 28. | Dooley, D. and McCarthy, J. (2005). Nursing Ethics: Irish Cases and Concerns. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. |
| 29. | Downie, R. S. and Telfer, E. (1971). Autonomy. Philosophy, 46 (178), 293–301. |
| 30. | Escalante, C. P., Martin, C. G., Elting, L. S. and Rubenstein, E. B. (1997). Medical Futility and Appropriate Medical Care in Patients whose Death is Thought to be Imminent. Support Care Cancer, 5 (4), 274–280. |
| 31. | Fagan, A. (2004). Challenging the Bioethical Application of the Autonomy Principle within Multicultural Societies. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 21 (1), 15–31. |
| 32. | Fischer, A. (2012). Catholic Bioethics for a New Millennium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. |
| 33. | Fontugne, E. A. (2014). To Treat or Not to Treat: End-Of-Life Care, Patient Autonomy, and the Responsible Practice of Medicine. Journal of Legal Medicine, 35 (4), 529–538. |
| 34. | Gampel, E. (2006). Does Professional Autonomy Protect Medical Futility Judgments? Bioethics, 20 (2), 92–104. |
| 35. | Gibson, K. (2014). An Introduction to Ethics. Boston: Pearson. |
| 36. | Gillon, R. (1986a) Ordinary and Extraordinary Means. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition), 292 (6515), 259–261. |
| 37. | Gillon, R. (1986b) Where Respect for Autonomy is not the Answer. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition), 292 (6512), 48–49. |
| 38. | Gillon, R. (1994). Medical Ethics: Four Principles Plus Attention to Scope. British Medical Journal, 309 (6948), 184–188. |
| 39. | Gillon, R. (1997). “Futility”: Too Ambiguous and Pejorative a Term? Journal of Medical Ethics, 23 (6), 339–340. |
| 40. | Gómez, F. J. I. and Meana, P. R. (2017). Is Medical Futility an Ethical or Clinical Concept? National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly, 17 (2), 261–273. |
| 41. | Greaney, A.-M. and O’Mathúna, D. P. (2017). Patient Autonomy in Nursing and Healthcare Contexts. In: P. A. Scott (ed.), Key Concepts and Issues in Nursing Ethics. (pp. 83–99). Cham: Springer. |
| 42. | Halliday, R. (1997). Medical Futility and the Social Context. Journal of Medical Ethics, 23 (3), 148–153. |
| 43. | Have, H. T. (2016). Global Bioethics: An Introduction. London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. |
| 44. | Heft, P. R., Siegler, M., Lantos J. (2000). The Rise and Fall of the Futility Movement. The New England Journal of Medicine, 343 (4), 293–296. |
| 45. | Heinrichs, B. (2010). Single-Principle versus Multi-Principles Approaches in Bioethics. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 27 (1), 72–83. |
| 46. | Jecker, N. S. (1995). Medical Futility and Care of Dying Patients. Western Journal of Medicine, 163 (3), 281–291. |
| 47. | Jecker, N. S. and Schneiderman, L. J. (1993). Medical Futility: The Duty Not to Treat. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 2 (2), 151–159. |
| 48. | Kasman, D. L. (2004). When Is Medical Treatment Futile? A Guide for Students, Residents, and Physicians. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 19 (10), 1053–1056. |
| 49. | Kelly, D. F., Magill, G. and Have, H. T., (2013). Contemporary Catholic Health Care Ethics, 2nd edition. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press. |
| 50. | Kelly, G. (1950). The Duty of Using Artificial Means of Preserving Life. Theological Studies, 11 (2), 203–220. |
| 51. | Kelly, G. (1951). The Duty to Preserve Life. Theological Studies, 12 (4), 550–556. |
| 52. | Kelly, G., (1958). Medico-Moral Problems. St. Louis: The Catholic Health Association of the United States and Canada. |
| 53. | Komrad, M. S. (1983). A Defence of Medical Paternalism: Maximising Patients’ Autonomy. Journal of Medical Ethics, 9 (1), 38–44. |
| 54. | Lillie, W. (1966). An Introduction to Ethics, reprint. London: Methuen & Co. |
| 55. | Lynn, J. and Childress, J. F. (1983). Must Patients Always Be Given Food and Water? The Hastings Center Report, 13 (5), 17–21. |
| 56. | McCartney, J. J. (1980). The Development of the Doctrine of Ordinary and Extraordinary Means of Preserving Life in Catholic Moral Theology before the Karen Quinlan Case. The Linacre Quarterly, 47 (3), 215–224. |
| 57. | Mallia, P. (2013). The Nature of the Doctor-Patient Relationship: Health Care Principles through Phenomenology of Relationships with Patients. Heidelberg: Springer Dordrecht. |
| 58. | May, T. (1994). The Concept of Autonomy. American Philosophical Quarterly, 31 (2), 133–144. |
| 59. | Meilaender, G. (2005). Bioethics: A Primer for Christians, 2nd edition. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans. |
| 60. | Miles, S. H. (1992). Medical Futility. Law, Medicine & Health Care, 20 (4), 310–315. |
| 61. | Molyneux, D. (2009). Should Healthcare Professionals Respect Autonomy Just Because It Promotes Welfare? Journal of Medical Ethics, 35 (4), 245–250. |
| 62. | Moratti, S. (2009). The Development of “Medical Futility”: Towards a Procedural Approach Based on the Role of the Medical Profession. Journal of Medical Ethics, (36), 369–37. |
| 63. | Nessa, J. and Malterud, K. (1998). Tell Me What’s Wrong with Me: A Discourse Analysis Approach to the Concept of Patient Autonomy. Journal of Medical Ethics, 24 (6), 394–400. |
| 64. | Nuremberg Code (1949). The Nuremberg Code. Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law, 10 (2), 181–182. |
| 65. | https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/NT_war-criminals_Vol-II.pdf |
| 66. | Newham, R. A. and Hawley, G. (2007). The Relationship of Ethics to Philosophy. In: G. Hawley (ed.), Ethics in Clinical Practice: An Interprofessional Approach (pp. 76–100). Harlow: Pearson. |
| 67. | Oviedo Convention (1997) Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine: Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, Oviedo, 4.IV. |
| 68. | https://rm.coe.int/168007cf98 |
| 69. | Panicola, M. (2001). Catholic Teaching on Prolonging Life: Setting the Record Straight. The Hastings Center Report, 31 (6), 14–25. |
| 70. | Paulo, N. (2016). The Confluence of Philosophy and Law in Applied Ethics. London: Palgrave MacMillan. |
| 71. | Pellegrino, E. D. (1990). The Relationship of Autonomy and Integrity in Medical Ethics. Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization, 24 (4), 361–371. |
| 72. | Pellegrino, E.D. (2000). Decision at the End of Life: The Use and Abuse of the Concept of Futility. In: J. W. Koterski (ed.), Life and Learning X Proceedings of the Tenth University Faculty for Life Conference (pp. 85–110).. Washington, DC: Georgetown University. |
| 73. | Pellegrino, Edmund D. and Thomasma, David C. (1987) The Conflict between Autonomy and Beneficence in Medical Ethics: Proposal for a Resolution. Journal of Contemporary Health Law & Policy, 3 (1), 23-46. |
| 74. | Pope Pius XII (1999). The Prolongation of Life., In: K. D. O’Rourke and P. Boyle (ed.), Medical Ethics: Sources of Catholic Teachings, 3rd edition (pp. 280–281),. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. |
| 75. | Pope John Paul II (1995). Evangelium Vitae. http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae.html |
| 76. | Post, S. G. (1995). Baby K: Medical Futility and the Free Exercise of Religion. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 23 (1), 20–26. |
| 77. | Quante, M. (2011). In Defence of Personal Autonomy. Journal of Medical Ethics, 37 (10), 597–600. |
| 78. | Ross, W. D. (2002) The Right and the Good, P. Stratton-Lake (ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. |
| 79. | Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (SCDF) (1980). Declaration on Euthanasia. http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19800505_euthanasia_en.html |
| 80. | Schneiderman, L. J. (2011). Defining Medical Futility and Improving Medical Care. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 8 (2), 123–131. |
| 81. | Schneiderman, L. J., Jecker, N. S., Jonsen, A. R. (1990). Medical Futility: Its Meaning and Ethical Implications. Annals of Internal Medicine, 112 (12), 949–954. |
| 82. | Schwartz, R. L. (1999). Autonomy, Futility, and the Limits of Medicine. In: H. Kuhse and P. Singer (ed.). Bioethics: An Anthology (pp. 518–52). Oxford: Blackwell. |
| 83. | Shelton, W. (1998). A Broader Look at Medical Futility. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 19 (4), 383–400. |
| 84. | Smith II, G. P. (1995). Futility and the Principle of Medical Futility: Safeguarding Autonomy and the Prohibition against Cruel and Unusual Punishment. Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy, 12 (1), 1–39. |
| 85. | Stammers, T. (2015). The Evolution of Autonomy. The New Bioethics, 21 (2), 155–163. |
| 86. | Sullivan, S. M. (2007). The Development and Nature of the Ordinary/Extraordinary Means Distinction in the Roman Catholic Tradition. Bioethics, 21 (7), 386–397. |
| 87. | Thiroux, J. P. (2004). Ethics: Theory and Practice, 8th edition. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall. |
| 88. | Truog, R. D., Brett, A. S., Frader, J. (1992). The Problem with Futility. The New England Journal of Medicine, 326 (23), 1560–1564. |
| 89. | UNESCO (2005). Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights. |
| 90. | http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/bioethics/bioethics-and-human-rights/ |
| 91. | United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) (2009). Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services, 5th edition. |
| 92. | http://www.usccb.org/issues-and-action/human-life-and-dignity/health-care/upload/Ethical-Religious-Directives-Catholic-Health-Care-Services-fifth-edition-2009.pdf |
| 93. | Veatch, R. M. (1972). Models for Ethical Medicine in a Revolutionary Age. The Hastings Center Report, 2 (3), 5–7. |
| 94. | Veatch, R. M. (1995). Resolving Conflicts among Principles: Ranking, Balancing, and Specifying. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 5 (3), 199–218. |
| 95. | Veatch, R. M. (2012). The Basics of Bioethics, 3rd edition. Boston: Pearson. |
| 96. | Wildes, K. W. (1996). Ordinary and Extraordinary Means and the Quality of Life. Theological Studies, 57 (3), 500–-512. |
| 97. | Zientek, D. M. (2006). The Impact of Roman Catholic Moral Theology on End-of-Life Care Under the Texas Advance Directives Act. Christian Bioethics, 12 (1), 65–82. |