Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

ISSN: 2300-9705     eISSN: 2353-2807    OAI    DOI: 10.18276/cej.2023.1-02
CC BY-SA   Open Access   DOAJ  DOAJ

Lista wydań / Vol. 41, No. 1/2023
The Effects of Wetted Ice on Dynamic Stability over a Rewarming Period

Autorzy: Jill Alexander ORCID
Football Performance Hub, Institute of Coaching and Performance (ICaP), School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, UK

Youl Mawene
Fleetwood Town Football Club, Park Avenue, Fleetwood, Lancashire, UK

Jenny Alexanders ORCID
School of Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK

Josh Jeffery
Everton Football Club, Finch Farm, Finch Ln, Halewood, Liverpool, UK

David Rhodes ORCID
Football Performance Hub, Institute of Coaching and Performance (ICaP), School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, UK
Słowa kluczowe: cryotherapy balance star excursion balance test ankle stability
Data publikacji całości:2023
Liczba stron:11 (13-23)
Cited-by (Crossref) ?:

Abstrakt

BACKGROUND During half time or breaks in play cryotherapy is often applied for analgesia for minor musculoskeletal sport injury, however the effect of cryotherapy on dynamic stability is debated. A risk factor for further lower limb injury may be heightened due to a reduction in dynamic postural stability. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of wetted-ice applied for 20-minutes at the ankle on dynamic stability using the star excursion balance test, immediately-post exposure and over a rewarming period of 30-minutes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-two healthy male athletes that regular took part in land-based sport were assessed on reach directions of Anterior (Ant), Posteromedial (PM), and Posterolateral (PL) using the modified star excursion balance test (mSEBT) on the non-dominant limb. Thermal imaging quantified skin surface temperature (Tsk) over lateral and medial regions. Participants were tested pre-intervention, exposed to 15-minutes wetted-ice cryotherapy application, immediately-post and up to 30-minutes post intervention at 10-minute intervals. RESULTS Significant decreases in Tsk over the medial and lateral regions of the ankle (p < 0.05) not returning to pre-cooling temperatures at 30-minutes post. Significant decrease in reach -distance scores (ANT, PL and PM) pre-immediately post and at 10, 20 and 30-minutes post cryotherapy exposure. CONCLUSION Following wetted ice application to the non-dominant ankle, dynamic postural stability was adversely affected for up to 30-minutes post exposure demonstrated through a decrease in reach scores for ANT, PL and PM directions. Functional performance which requires stabilising mechanisms may be negatively affected and contribute to a heightened risk of injury or further injury in consideration of the findings.
Pobierz plik

Plik artykułu

Bibliografia

1.Alexander, J., & Rhodes, D. (2019). Temporal patterns of knee-extensor isokinetic torque strength in male and female athletes following a comparison of anterior thigh and knee cooling over a rewarming period. Journal of Sports Rehabilitation, 29(6), 721–729. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2018-0499
2.Alexander, J., Rhodes, D., Birdsall, D,. & Selfe, J. (2020). Comparison of cryotherapy modality application over the anterior thigh across rugby union positions: A crossover randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 15(2), 210–220.
3.Alexander, J., Richards, J., Attah, O., Cheema, S., Snook, J., Wisdell, C., May, K., & Selfe, J. (2018). Delayed effects of a 20-min crushed ice application on knee joint position sense assessed by a functional task during a re-warming period. Gait & Posture, 62, 173-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.03.015
4.Alexander, J., Selfe, J., Greenhalgh, O., & Rhodes, D. (2021). Exploratory evaluation of muscle strength and skin surface temperature responses to contemporary cryotherapy modalities in sport. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 29(4), 403–411. https://doi.org/10.3233/IES-200253.
5.Allan, R., Malone, J., Alexander, J., Vorajee, S., Ihsan, M., Gregson, W., Kwiecien, S., & Mawhinney, C. (2022). Cold for Centuries: a brief history of cryotherapies to improve health, injury and post-exercise recovery. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 122, 1153–1162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-022-04915-5
6.Bleakley, C. M., & Costello, J. T. (2013). Do thermal agents affect range of movement and mechanical properties in soft tissues? A systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehab, 94(1), 149–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2012.07.023
7.Bleakley, C., Costello, J., & Glasgow, P. D. (2012). Should athletes return to sport after applying ice? A systematic review of the effect of local cooling on functional performance. Sports Medicine, 42(1), 69–87. https://doi.org/10.2165/11595970-000000000-00000
8.Bleakley, C., McDonough, S., & MacAuley, D. (2004). The use of ice in the treatment of acute soft tissue injury: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 32(1), 251–261. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546503260757
9.Cankar, K., & Finderle, Z. (2003). Gender differences in cutaneous vascular and autonomic nervous response to local cooling. Clinical Autonomic Research, 13(3), 214–220. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10286-003-0095-5
10.Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Science. 2nd Ed. Hillside, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1998.
11.Costello, J. T, McInerney, C. D, Bleakley, C. M, Selfe, J., & Donnelly, A. E. (2012). The use of thermal imaging in assessing skin temperature following cryotherapy: a review. Journal of Thermal Biology, 37(2), 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2011.11.008
12.Coughlan, G. F., Delahunt, E., O’Sullivan, E., Fullam, K., Green, B. S., & Caulfield, B. M. (2014). Star excursion balance test performance and application in elite junior rugby union players. Physical Therapy in Sport, 15(4), 249–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2013.11.005
13.Croix, M. B. A, Elnagar, Y. O., Iga J., James, D., & Ayala, F. (2015). Electromechanical delay of the hamstrings during eccentric muscle actions in males and females: implications for non-contact ACL injuries. J Electro Kinesiol, 25, 901–906.
14.Dykstra, J. H., Hill, H. M., Miller, M. G,. Cheatham, C .C., Michael, T. J., & Baker, R. (2009). Comparison of cubed ice, crushed ice and wetted ice on intramuscular and surface temperature changes. Journal of Athletic Training, 44(2), 136–141. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-44.2.136
15.Enwemeka, C. S., Allen, C., Avila, P., Bina, J., Konrade, & Munns, S. (2002). Soft tissue thermodynamics before, during, and after cold pack therapy. Medicine and Science in Sports Exercise, 34(1), 45–50. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200201000-00008
16.Fitzgerald, D., Trakarnratanakul, N., Smyth, B., & Caulfield, B. (2010). Effects of a wobble board-based therapeutic exergaming system for balance training on dynamic postural stability and intrinsic motivation levels. Journal of Orthopaedic Sports Physical Therapy, 40(1), 11–19. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2010.3121
17.Fullam, K., Caulfield, B., Coughlan, G. F, McNulty, W., Campbell, D., & Delahunt, E. (2020). The effect of cryotherapy application to the knee joint on dynamic postural stability. Journal of Sports Rehabilitation, 29(4), 454–462. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2016-0218
18.Fullam, K., Caulfield, B., Coughlan, G. F., McGroaty, M., & Delahunt, E. (2015) Dynamic postural-stability deficits after cryotherapy to the ankle joint. Journal of Athletic Training, 50(9), 893–904. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-50.7.07
19.Goldie, P. A., Bach, T. M., & Evans, O. M. (1989). Force platform measures for evaluating postural control: reliability and validity. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 70(7), 510–517.
20.Gribble, P. A., Hertel, J., & Denegar, C. R. (2007). Chronic ankle instability and fatigue create proximal joint alterations during performance of the Star Excursion Balance Test. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 28(3):236–242. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-924289
21.Gribble, P. A., & Hertel, J. (2003). Considerations for Normalizing Measures of the Star Excursion Balance Test. Measurement Physical Education and Exercise Science, 7(2), 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327841MPEE0702_3
22.Gribble, P. A., Hertel, J, & Plisky, P. (2012). Using the Star Excursion Balance Test to assess dynamic postural-control deficits and outcomes in lower extremity injury: A literature and systematic review. Journal of Athletic Training, 47(3), 339–357. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-47.3.08
23.Harper, D., McBurnie, A. J., Dos’ Santos, T., Erlksrud, O., Evans, M., Cohen, D. D., David, R., Carling, C., & Kiely, J. (2022). Biomechanical and neuromuscular performance requirements of horizontal deceleration: A review with implications for random intermittent multi-directional sports. Sports Medicine, 52, 2321–2354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01693-0
24.Hertel, J., Braham, R. A., Hale, S. A,. & Olmsted-Kramer, L. C. (2006). Simplifying the Star Excursion Balance Test: analyses of subjects with and without chronic ankle instability. Journal of Orthopaedic Sports Physical Therapy, 36(3), 131–137. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2006.36.3.131
25.Hoch, M. C., Staton, G. S., & McKeon, P. O. (2011). Dorsiflexion range of motion significantly influences dynamic balance. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 14(1), 90–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2010.08.001
26.International Football Association Board. Law 7 page 83. https://www.theifab.com/log-documents Accessed August 27th 2020.
27.Ioannou, S. (2020). Functional Infrared Thermal Imaging: A Contemporary Tool in Soft Tissue Screening. Scientific Reports, 10, 9303. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-66397-9
28.Kalli, K., & Fousekis, K. (2019). The effects of cryotherapy on athletes’ muscle strength, flexibility, and neuromuscular control: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapy, 24(2), 175–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2019.11.001
29.Kennet, J., Hardaker, N., Hobbs, S., & Selfe, J. (2007). Cooling efficacy of 4 common cryotherapeutic agents. Journal of Athletic Training, 42(3), 343–348.
30.Kwiecien, S. Y., Mathew, S., Howatson, G., & McHugh, M. P. (2020). The effect of varying degrees of compression from elastic vs plastic wrap on the quadriceps intramuscular temperature during wetted ice application. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 29(8), 1109–1114. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13430
31.Lawrence, E. L., Cesar, G. M., Bromfield, M. R., Peterson, R., Valero-Cuevas, F., & Sigward, S. (2015). Strength, Multi-joint Coordination, and Sensorimotor Processing Are Independent Contributors to Overall Balance Ability. BioMed Research International. 561243.
32.McCollum, G., Shupert, C. L., & Nashner, L. M. (1996). Organizing sensory information for postural control in altered sensory environments. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 180, 257–270. https://doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.1996.0101
33.Moreira, D. G., Costello, J. T., Brito, C. J,. Adamczyk, J. G., Ammer, K., Bach, A. J. E., Costa, C. M. A., Eglin, C., Fernandes, A. A., Fernandez-Cuevas, I., Ferreira, J. J. A., Formenti, D., Fournet, D., Havenith, G., Howell, K., Jung, A., Kenny, G. P., Kolosovas-Machuca, E. S., Maley, M. J., Merla, A., Pascoe, D. D., Quesada, J. I. P., Schwartz, R. G., Seixas, A. R. D., Selfe, J., Vainer, B. G., & Sillero-Quintana, M. (2017). Thermographic imaging in sports and exercise medicine: a Delphi study and consensus statement on the measurement of human skin temperature. Journal of Thermal Biology, 69, 155–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.07.006
34.Murray, A., & Cardinale, M. (2015). Cold applications for recovery in adolescent athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Extreme Physiology in Medicine, 12(4), 17.
35.Patterson, S. M., Udermann, B. E., Doberstein, S. T., & Reineke, D. M. (2008). The effects of cold whirlpool on power, speed, agility, and range of motion. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine Med, 7(3), 387–394.
36.Picot, B., Terrier, R., Forestier, N., Fourchet, F., & McKeon, P. O. (2021) The Star Excursion Balance Test: An Update Review and Practical Guidelines. Int. Journal of Athletic Therapy & Training, 26(6), 285–293. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijatt.2020-0106
37.Plisky, P. J., Gorman, P. P., Butler, R.J., Kiesel, K .B., Underwood, F. B., and Elkins, B. (2009). The reliability of an instrumented device for measuring components of the star excursion balance test. North American Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 4(2), 92–99.
38.Robinson, R., & Gribble, P. (2008). Kinematic predictors of performance of the star excursion balance test. Journal of Sports Rehabilitation, 17(4), 347–357. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.17.4.347
39.Soligard, T., Schwellnus, M., Alonso, J-M,. Nahr, R., Clarsen, B., Dijkstra, P. H., Gabbett, T., Gleeson, M., Hagglund, M., Hutchinson, M. R., van Rensburg, C. J., Khan, K. M., Meeusen, R., Orchard, J. W., Pluim, L. B., Raftery, M., Budgett, R., & Engebretsen, L. (2016). How much is too much? (Part 1) Internationale Olympic Committee consensus statement on load in sport and risk of injury. 50(17), 1030–1041. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096581
40.Stal, F., Fransson, P. A., Magnusson, M,. & Karlberg, M. (2003). Effects of hypothermic anaesthesia of the feet on vibration-induced body sway and adaptation. Journal of Vestibular Research, 13(1), 39–52.
41.Twist C, & Worsfold, P. (2014). Science of Rugby. London: Routledge.
42.Van Lieshout, R., Reijneveld, E. A. E., ven den Berg, S. M,. Koenders, N., de Leeuw, A., van Oorsouw, R. G., Paap, D., Scheffer, E., Weterings, S., & Stukstette, M. J. (2016). Reproducibility of the modified star excursion balance test composite and specific reach direction scores. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 11(3), 356–365.
43.van Melick, N., Meddeler, B. M., Hoogeboom, T. J., Nijhuis-van der Sanden, M. W. G., & van Cingel, R. E. H. (2017). How to determine leg dominance: The agreement between self-reported and observed performance in healthy adults. PLoS ONE, 12(12), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189876
44.Williams, E., Miller, S., Sebastianelli, W., & Vairo, G. (2013). Comparative immediate functional outcomes among cryotherapeutic interventions at the ankle. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 8(6), 828–837.
45.World Rugby Laws of the Game Rugby Union. Law 5 Page 38. Accessed August 27th 2020.