| Rok wydania: | 2026 |
| Dziedzina: | Dziedzina nauk społecznych |
| Dyscyplina: | psychologia |
| Słowa kluczowe: | style przywiązania depresja samotność samoregulacja podwójna mediacja |
| Autorzy: |
Dawid
Subocz
Uniwersytet Szczeciński |
Wersja elektroniczna publikacji dostępna na licencji CC BY-SA 4.0 po 12 miesiącach od daty wprowadzenia do obrotu: lipiec 2026
Wersję drukowaną publikacji można nabyć w sklepie Wydawnictwa Naukowego Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego: wn.usz.edu.pl/sklep/
Celem badawczym niniejszej monografii było określenie związku pomiędzy stylami przywiązania a nasileniem objawów depresyjnych w okresie wczesnej dorosłości oraz roli samotności i samoregulacji jako mechanizmów pośredniczących w tej relacji. Badanie przeprowadzono w populacji nieklinicznej młodych dorosłych. Analizy obejmowały porównania między stylami przywiązania, zależności korelacyjne i modele podwójnej mediacji. Wyniki wskazują, że style przywiązania istotnie różnicują poziom objawów depresyjnych, a najsilniejsze związki dotyczą wzorców opartych na wysokim lęku relacyjnym. Wykazano, że samotność i deficyty samoregulacji współtworzą mechanizm wyjaśniający związek między przywiązaniem a depresyjnością, a różnice w stylach przywiązania wyjaśniały około 52% wariancji nasilenia objawów depresyjnych. Uzyskane rezultaty podkreślają znaczenie wzorców relacyjnych i procesów regulacji emocjonalnej w rozumieniu podatności na objawy depresyjne u młodych dorosłych.
| 1. | Abramson, L.Y., Seligman, M.E.P., Teasdale, J.D. (1978). Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87(1), 49–74. https://doi. org/10.1037/0021-843X.87.1.49. |
| 2. | Adamczyk, K. (2012). Właściwości psychometryczne polskiej wersji językowej skali do pomiaru stylu przywiązania w dorosłości the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS). Przegląd Psychologiczny, 55(3), 253–269. |
| 3. | Ainsworth, M.D.S., Blehar, M.C., Waters, E., Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Erlbaum. |
| 4. | Albert, P.R. (2015). Why is depression more prevalent in women? Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 40(4), 219–221. https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.150205. |
| 5. | Albiński, R., Kleszczewska-Albińska, A., Bedyńska, S. (2011). Geriatryczna Skala Depresji (GDS). Trafność i rzetelność różnych wersji tego narzędzia – przegląd badań. Psychiatria Polska, 45(4), 555–562. |
| 6. | Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 217–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004. |
| 7. | Alothman, D., Lewis, S., Card, T., Tyrell, E., Fogarty, A.W. (2024). The association between living alone, loneliness and suicide morality and effect modification by age: A case: control study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 352(1), 278–280. |
| 8. | American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596. |
| 9. | Antonovsky, A. (1995). Rozwikływanie tajemnicy zdrowia. Jak radzić sobie ze stresem i nie zachorować. Instytut Psychiatrii i Neurologii. |
| 10. | Antonovsky, A. (1996). The salutogenic model as a theory to guide health promotion. Health Promotion International, 11(1), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/11.1.11. |
| 11. | Aristotele (2007). Nicomachean ethics. Cosimo. |
| 12. | Bakermans‑Kranenburg, M.J., van IJzendoorn, M.H. (2007). Research review: genetic vulnerability or differential susceptibility in child development: The case of attachment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(12), 1160–1173. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01801.x. |
| 13. | Barreto, M., Victor, Ch., Hammond, C., Eccles, A., Richins, M.T., Qualter, P. (2021). Loneliness around the world: Age, gender, and cultural differences in loneliness. Personality and Individual Differences, 169, 110066, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110066. |
| 14. | Bartholomew, K., Horowitz, L.M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226–244. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.226. |
| 15. | Beck, A.T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. Harper & Row. |
| 16. | Beck, A.T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. International Universities Press. |
| 17. | Beck, A.T. (1987). Cognitive models of depression. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 1(1), 5–37. |
| 18. | Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., Brown, G.K. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Psychological Corporation. |
| 19. | Beck, A.T., Ward, C.H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring of depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4(6), 561–571. https://doi. org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004. |
| 20. | Beck, J.S. (1995). Cognitive therapy: Basics and beyond. Guilford Press. |
| 21. | Beebe, B., Lachmann, F.M. (2014). The origins of attachment: Infant research and adult treatment. Routledge. |
| 22. | Beller, J., Wanger, A. (2020). Loneliness and health: a moderating effect of cross cultural individualism/collectivism. Journal of Aging Health, 32(10), 1516–1527. https://doi. org/10.1177/0898264320943336. |
| 23. | Berlin, L.J., Cassidy, J., Belsky, J. (1995). Loneliness in young children and infant mother attachment: A Longitudinal Study. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 41(1) 93–103. http:// www.jstor.org/stable/23087456. |
| 24. | Bessette, K.L., Nave, A.M., Caprihan, A., Stevens, M.C. (2014). White matter abnormalities in adolescents with major depressive disorder. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 8(4), 531–541. |
| 25. | Bifulco, A., Moran, P.M., Ball, C., Lillie, A. (2006). Adult attachment style. I: Its relationship to clinical depression. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 37(2), 50–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s127-002-8215-0. |
| 26. | Blazer, D.G. (2003). Depression in late life: review and commentary. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 58(3), 249–265. https://doi. org/10.1093/gerona/58.3.m249. |
| 27. | Blos, P. (1967). The second individuation process of adolescence. The psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 22, 162–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/00797308.1967.11822595. |
| 28. | Borawski, D., Sojda, M., Rychlewska, K., Wajs, T. (2022). Attached but Lonely: Emotional intelligence as a mediator between attachment and loneliness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(22), 14831. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph192214831. |
| 29. | Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Volume 1. Attachment. Basic Books. |
| 30. | Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Volume 2. Separation: Anxiety and anger. Basic Books. |
| 31. | Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Volume 3. Loss: Sadness and depression. Basic Books. |
| 32. | Bowlby, J. (1951). Maternal care and mental health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 3, 355–533. |
| 33. | Bremmer, J.D., Vythilingam, M., Vermetten, E., Nazeer, A., Adil, J., Khan, S., Staib, L.H. (2002). Reduced volume of orbitofrontal cortex in major depression. Biol. Psychiatry, 15(4), 273–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01336-1. |
| 34. | Brennan, K.A., Clark, C.L., Shaver, P.R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In: J.A. Simpson, W.S. Rholes (eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46–76). Guilford Press. |
| 35. | Brody, D.J., Hughes, J.P. (2025). Depression prevalence in adolescents and adults: United States, August 2021 – August 2023, NCHS Data Brief, 527, 1–11. https://dx.doi. org/10.15620/cdc/174579. |
| 36. | Brooks, S.K., Greenberg, N. (2022). Mental health and psychological wellbeing of maritime personnel: A systematic review. BMC Psychology, 30(10), 139. https://doi.org/10.1186/ s40359-022-00850-4. |
| 37. | Cacioppo, J.T. (2010). Na głodzie ludzi. Charaktery, 10, 165, 58–61. |
| 38. | Cacioppo, J.T., Cacioppo, S., Capitanio, J.P., Cole, S.W. (2015). The neuroendocrinology of Social Isolation. Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 733–767. https://doi.org/10.1146/ annurev-psych-010814-015240. |
| 39. | Cacioppo, J.T., Hawkley, L.C., Ernst, J.M., Burleson, M., Berntson, G.G., Nouriani, B., Spiegel, D. (2006). Loneliness within a nomological net: An evolutionary perspective. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(6), 1054–1085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2005.11.007. |
| 40. | Cacioppo, J.T., Hughes, M.E., Waite, L.J., Hawkley, L.C., Thisted, R.A. (2006b). Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Psychology and Aging, 21(1), 140–151. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.140. |
| 41. | Cacioppo, J.T., Patrick, W. (2008). Loneliness: Human nature and the need for social connection. W.W. Norton & Company. |
| 42. | Campbell, S., Marriott, M., Nahmias, C., MacQueen, G.M. (2004). Lower hippocampal volume in patients suffering from depression: A metaanalysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(4), 598–607. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.4.598. |
| 43. | Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T.E., Taylor, A., Craig, I.W., Harrington, H., Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386–389. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1083968. |
| 44. | Cassidy, J. (1994). Emotion regulation: Influences of attachment relationships. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2–3), 228–283. https://doi. org/10.2307/1166148. |
| 45. | Chang, Y., Durante, K.M. (2022). Why consumers have everythink but happiness: An evolutionary mismatch perspective. Current Opinion in Psychology, 46, 101347. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101347. |
| 46. | Chen, W., Zhang, D., Liu, J., Pan, Y., Sang, B. (2019). Parental attachment and depressive symptoms in Chinese adolescents: The mediation effect of emotion regulation. Journal of Adolescence, 71(3), 241–248. https://doi.oeg/10.1111/ajpy.12239. |
| 47. | Cigna (2020). Loneliness and the workplace 2020 U.S. report. Retrieved from https:// www.cigna.com/about-us/newsroom/studies-and-reports/loneliness-epidemic. |
| 48. | Clark, D.A., Beck, A.T., Alford, B.A. (1999). Scientific foundations of cognitive theory and therapy of depression. John Wiley & Sons Inc. |
| 49. | Clark, D.A., Teasdale, J.D. (1982). Diurnal variation in clinical depression and accessibility of memories of positive and negative experiences. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 91(2), 87–95. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.91.2.87. |
| 50. | Clery, P., Rowe, A., Munafo, M., Mahedy, L. (2021). Is attachment style in early childhood associated with mental health difficulties in late adolescence? BJPsych Open, 7(1), S15. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.98. |
| 51. | Coan, J.A. (2010). Adult attachment and the brain. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27(2), 210–217. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407509360900. |
| 52. | Coan, J.A., Schaefer, H.S., Davidson, R.J. (2006). Lending a hand: Social regulation of the neural response to threat. Psychological Science, 17(12), 1032–1039. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01832.x. |
| 53. | Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159. https://doi. org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155. |
| 54. | Cohen, H., Kaplan, Z., Kozlovsky, N., Gidron, Y., Matar, M.A., Zoha, J. (2010). Hippocampal microinfusion of oxytocin attenuates the behavioural response to stress by means of dynamic interplay with the glucocorticoid-catecholamine responses. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 22(8), 889–904. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1365-2826.2010.02003.x. |
| 55. | Cole, S.W. (2014). Human social genomics. PLoS Genetics, 10(8), e1004601. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004601. |
| 56. | Collins, N.L. (2008). Adult Attachment Scale (AAS) and Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS): Scoring instructions. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara. Pobrane [10.12.2025 r.]: https://www.studocu. com/in/document/modern-college-of-arts-science-and-commerce/psychology/ adult-attachment-scale-overview-and-scoring-instructions/133811476. |
| 57. | Collins, N.L. (1996). Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS). APA PsycTest. https://doi. org/10.1037/t19162-000. |
| 58. | Collins, N.L., Read, S.J. (1990). Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(4), 644–663. https:// doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.4.644. |
| 59. | Colonnello, V., Fino, E., Russo, P.M. (2022). Attachment anxiety and depressive symptoms in undergraduate medical students: The mediating role of emotion regulation strategies. Perspectives on Medical Education, 11(4), 207–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s40037-022-00713-z. |
| 60. | Cooper, M.L., Frone, M.R., Russel, M., Mudar, P. (1995). Drinking to regulate positive and negative emotions: A motivational model of alcohol use. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 990–1005. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.990. |
| 61. | Cortes-Garcia, L., Takkouche, B., Seoane, G., Senra, C. (2019). Mediators linking insecure attachment to eating symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 14(3), e0213099. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213099. |
| 62. | Costa, B., Pini, S., Gabelloni, P., Abelli, M., Lari, L., Cardini, A., Muti, M., Gesi, C., Landi, S., Galderisi, S., Mucci, A. (2009). Oxytocin receptor polymorphisms and adult attachment style in patients witg depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(10), 1506– 1514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.05.006. |
| 63. | Covington, H.E., Maze, I., Sun, H., Bomze, H.M., DeMaio, K.D., Wu, E.Y., Nestler, E.J. (2011). A role for repressive histone methylation in cocaine-induced vulnerability to stress. Neuron, 71(4), 656–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.06.007. |
| 64. | Cummings, C.M., Capporino, N.E., Kendall, P.C. (2014). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adollescents: 20 years after. Psychological Bulletin, 140(3), 816–845. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034733. |
| 65. | Cuthbert, B.N., Insel, T.R. (2013). Toward the future of psychiatric diagnosis: The seven pillars of RDoC. BMC Medicine, 11(1), 126. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-11-126. |
| 66. | Cutrona, C. (1982). Transition to collage. Loneliness and the process of social adjustment. In: L. Peplau, D. Perlman (eds.). Loneliness a sourcebook of currant theory, research and therapy (s. 291–309). New York: John Wiley & Sons. |
| 67. | Dagan, O., Facompre, C.R., Bernard, K. (2018). Adult attachment representations and depressive symptoms: A meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 236, 274–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.091. |
| 68. | Dahlberg, L., McKee, K.J., Frank, A., Naseer, M. (2022). A systematic review of longitudinal risk factors for loneliness in older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 26(2), 225– 249. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2021.1876638. |
| 69. | Davidson, R.J., Pizzagalli, D., Nitschke, J.B., Putnam, K. (2002). Depression: Perspectives from affective neuroscience. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 545–574. https://doi. org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135148. |
| 70. | De Jong Gierveld, J., Kamphuis, F.H. (1985). The development of a Rasch-type loneliness scale. Applied Psychological Measurement, 9(3), 289–299. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662168500900307. |
| 71. | De Jong Gierveld, J., Van Tilburg, T. (2006). A 6-item scale for overall, emotional, and social loneliness: Confirmatory tests on survey data. Research on Aging, 28(5), 582–598. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027506289723. |
| 72. | De Jong Gierveld, J., Van Tilburg, T. (2010). The Jong Gierveld short scales for emotional and social loneliness: Tested on data from 7 countries in the UN generations and gender surveys. European Journal of Ageing, 7(2), 121–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10433-010-0144-6. |
| 73. | Dewitte, L., Granqvist, P., Dezutter, J., (2018). Meaning though attachment: An integrative framework. Psychological Reports, 122(6), 2242–2265. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0033294118799739. |
| 74. | Diener, E., Lucas, R.E., Ng, W. (2010). Subjective wellbeing: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276–302. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276. |
| 75. | Dieperink, M., Leskela, J., Thuras, P., Engdahl, B. (2001). Attachment style classification and posttraumatic stress disorderin former prosoners of war. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71(3), 374–378. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.71.3.374. |
| 76. | Disner, S.G., Beevers, C.G., Haigh, E.A.P., Beck, A.T. (2011). Neural mechanisms of the cognitive model of depression. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12(8), 467–477. https:// doi.org/10.1038/nrn3027. |
| 77. | DiTommaso, E., Brannen-McNulty, C., Ross, L.A., Burgess, M. (2003). Attachment styles, social skills and loneliness in young adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(2), 302–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00190-3. |
| 78. | Dixon, W.A., Heppner, P.P., Anderson, W.P. (1991). Problem solving appraisal, stress, hopelessness, and suicide ideation in a college population. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 38(1), 51–56. |
| 79. | Dołęga, Z. (2013). Skala do badania Samotności (SBS). Przegląd Psychologiczny, 56(3), 323– 346. |
| 80. | Dołęga, Z. (2020). Biedy i bogactwo samotności. Difin. |
| 81. | Dołęga, Z. (2003). Samotność młodzieży – analiza teoretyczna i studia empiryczne. Wydawnictwo Uniwersyetu Śląskiego. |
| 82. | Dołęga, Z. (2006). Samotność jako stan psychiczny – samotność jako cecha psychologiczna. W: P. Domeracki, W. Tyburski (red.). Zrozumieć samotność. Studium interdyscyplinarne (s. 253–276). Wydawnictwo UMK. |
| 83. | Domènech-Abella, J., Mundó, J., Haro, J.M., Rubio-Valera, M. (2019). Loneliness and depression in the elderly: The role of social network. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatry Epidemiology, 52(4), 381–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-017-1339-3. |
| 84. | Dozier, M., Stovall McClough, K.C., Albus, K.E. (2008). Attachment and psychopathology in adulthood. In: J. Cassidy, P.R. Shaver (eds.), Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications (pp. 718–744). Guilford Press. |
| 85. | Drevets, W.C., Price, J.L., Furey, M.L. (2008). Brain structural and functional abnormalities in mood disorders: Implications for neurocircuitry models of depression. Brain Structure & Function, 213(1–2), 93–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-008-0189-x. |
| 86. | Duzel, S., Drewelies, J., Gerstorf, D., Demuth, I., Lindenberger, U. (2019). Structural brain correlates of loneliness among older adults. Science Report, 9(1), 13569. https://doi. org/10.1038/s41598-019-49888-2. |
| 87. | Eisenberger, N.I., Cole, S.W. (2012). Social neuroscience and health: Neurophysiological mechanisms linking social ties with physical health. Nature Neuroscience, 15(5), 669– 674. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3086. |
| 88. | Eisenberger, N.I., Lieberman, M.D., Williams, K.D. (2003). Does rejection hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion. Science, 302(5643), 290–292. https://doi.org/10.1126/science. 1089134. |
| 89. | Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T.L., Eggum, N.D. (2010). Emotion-related self-regulation and its relation to children’s maladjustment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 495– 525. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131208. |
| 90. | Ettema, E.J., Derksen, L.D., van Leeuwen, E. (2010). Existential loneliness and end-of-life care: A systematic review. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 31(2), 141–169. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s11017-010-9141-1. |
| 91. | Eurofound (2021). Living, working and COVID-19. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/report/2021/ living-working-and-covid-19. |
| 92. | Feldman, R. (2007). Parent–infant synchrony: Biological foundations and developmental outcomes. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(6), 340–345. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00532.x. |
| 93. | Feeney, J.A., Noller, P., Hanrahan, M. (1994). Assesing adult attachment. In: M.B. Sperling, W.H. Berman (eds.). Attachment in adults: Clinical and developmental perspectives (pp. 128–152). Guilford Press. |
| 94. | Fernandez-Pujals, A.M., Adams, M.J., Thomson, P., McKechanie, A.G., Blackwood, D.H., Smith, B.H., Dominiczak, A.F., Morris, A.D., Matthews, K., Campbell, A., Linksted, P., Haley, C.S., Deary, I.J., Porteous, D.J., MacIntyre, D.J., McIntosh, A.M. (2015). Epidemiology and Heritability of Major Depressive Disorder, Stratified by Age of Onest, Sex, and Illness Course in Generation Scotland: Scottisch Family Health Study (GS:SFHS). PLoS ONE, 10(11), E0142197. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142197. |
| 95. | Field, T. (2011). Romantic Breakups, Heartbreak and Bereavement. Psychology, 2(4), 382– 387. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2011.24060. |
| 96. | Finley, A.J., Scheafer, S.M. (2022). Affective neuroscience of loneliness: potential mechanism underlying the association between perceived social isolation, health, and well-being. Journal of Psychiatric and Brain Science, 7, e220011. https://doi.org/10.20900/ jpbs.20220011. |
| 97. | Flores, P.J. (2011). Addiction as an attachment disorder. Jason Aronson. |
| 98. | Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E.L., Target, M. (2002). Affect regulation, mentalization, and the development of the self. Other Press. |
| 99. | Fonagy, P., Luyten, P. (2009). A developmental, mentalizationbased approach to the understanding and treatment of borderline personality disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 21(4), 1355–1381. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579409990198. |
| 100. | Fraley, R.C., Fazzari, D.A., Bonanno, G.A., Dekel, S. (2006). Attachment and psychological adaptation in high-exposure survivors of the September 11th attacks on the World Trade Center. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(4), 538–547. https://doi. org/10.1177/0146167205282741. |
| 101. | Fraley, R.C., Heffernan, M.E., Vicary, A.M., Brumbauch, C.C. (2011). The experiences in close relationship – relationship structures questionnaire: A method for assessing attachment orientations across relationships. Psychological Assessment, 23(3), 615–625. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022898. |
| 102. | Fraley, R.C., Waller, N.G., Brennan, K.A. (2000). An item response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 350–365. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.350. |
| 103. | Franklin, T.B., Russing, H., Weiss, I.C., Graff, J., Linder, N., Michalon, A., Mansuy, I.M. (2010). Epigenetic transmission of the impact of early stress across generations. Biological Psychiatry, 68(5), 408–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.05.036. |
| 104. | Freedman, A., Nicolle J. (2020). Social isolation and loneliness: The new geriatric giants: Approach for primary care. Journal of the College of Family Physicans of Canada, 66(3), 176–182. |
| 105. | Freud, S (1905). Three essays on the theory of sexuality. Basic Books. |
| 106. | Fried, E.I., Nesse, R.M. (2015). Depression sum-scores don’t add up: Why analyzing specific depression symptoms is essential. BMC Medicine, 13, 72. https://doi.org/10.1186/ s12916-015-0325-4. |
| 107. | Fromm, E. (1941). Escape from freedom. Farrar & Rinehart. |
| 108. | Fujisawa T.X., Nishitani S., Takiguchi S., Shimada K., Smith A.K., Tomoda A. (2019). Oxytocin receptor DNA methylation and alterations of brain volumes in maltreated children. Neuropsychopharmacology, 44(12): 2045–2053. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-019-0414-8. |
| 109. | Gajda, M., Małkowska-Szkutnik, A., Rodzeń, W. (2022). Self-regulation in adolescents: Polish adaptation and validation of the Self-Regulation Scale. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, 7432. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph19127432. |
| 110. | Germain, A., Kupfer, D.J. (2008). Circadian rhythm disturbances in depression. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 23(7), 571–585. https://doi. org/10.1002/hup.964. |
| 111. | Gilbert, P. (2006). Evolution and depression: Issues and implications. Psychological Medicine, 36(3), 287–297. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291705006112. |
| 112. | Girzelska, J., Wiśniewska, K., Głowacka, M., Dąbrowska, A. (2022). Zagrożenia suicydalne u pacjentów ze zdiagnozowaną depresją. W: M. Maciąg, A. Danielewska (red.) Medyczne i społeczne aspekty zdrowia człowieka (36–53). Wydawnictwo Naukowe TYGIEL Sp. z o.o. |
| 113. | Golshani, S., Ghanbari, S., Fioozabadi, A., Shakeri, J. (2020). Dissociative symptoms and self-reported childhood trauma in male incarcerated people with borderline personality disorder. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatnent, 16, 2407–2417. https://doi. org/10.2147/NDT.S266016 |
| 114. | Goldberg, L.R. (1990). An alternative “description of personality”: The Big-Five factor structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(6), 1216–1229. https://doi. org/10.1037/0022-3514.59.6.1216. |
| 115. | Goossens, L., Lasgaard, M., Luyckx, K., Vanhalst, J., Mathias, S., Masy, E. (2009). Loneliness and solitude in adolescence: A confirmatory factor analysis of alternative models. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(8), 890–894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.07.011. |
| 116. | Gratz, K.L., Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94. |
| 117. | Grime, Y.U., Park, Y., McDonald, G. (2023). Coping or thriving? Reviewing intrapersonal, interpersonal, and societal factors associated with well-being in singlehood from a within-group perspective. Perspective on Psychological Science, 18(5), 1097–1120. https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916221136119. |
| 118. | Gross, J.J. (2015). Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2014.940781. |
| 119. | Gross, J.J., John, O.P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348–362. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348. |
| 120. | Grygiel, P., Humenny, G., Rębisz, S., Świtaj, P., Sikorska, J. (2013). Validating the Polish adaptation of the 11-item De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 29(2), 405–417. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000130. |
| 121. | Gunnar, M.R., Quevedo, K. (2007). The neurobiology of stress and development. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 145–173. |
| 122. | Hajek, A., Gyasi, R.M., Pengpid, S., Peltzer, K., Jostev, K., Soysal, P. (2025). Prevalence of loneliness and social isolation amongst individuals with severe mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Science, 15(34), e25. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796025000228. |
| 123. | Harwas-Napierała, B., Trempała, J. (2019). Psychologia rozwoju człowieka. Tom 2: Charakterystyka okresów życia człowieka. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. |
| 124. | Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 23(1), 56–62. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 |
| 125. | Hamilton, J.P., Etkin, A., Furman, D.J., Lemus, M.G., Johnson, R.F., Gotlib, I.H. (2012). Functional neuroimaging of major depressive disorder: A metaanalysis and new integration of baseline activation and neural response data. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(7), 693–703. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11071105. |
| 126. | Hamilton, J.P., Furman, D.J., Chang, C., Thomason, M.E., Dennis, E., Gotlib, I.H. (2011). Default-mode and task-positive network activity in major depressive disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 70(4), 327–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.02.003. |
| 127. | Hankin, B.L. (2006). Adolescent depression: Description, causes, and interventions. Epilepsy & Behavior, 8(1), 102–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.10.012. |
| 128. | Hanson, J.L., Knodt, A.R., Brigidi, B.D., Hariri, A.R. (2015) Heightened connectivity between the ventral striatum and medial prefrontal cortex as a biomarker for stress-related psychopathology. Psychological Medicine, 48(11), 1835–1843. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0033291717003348. |
| 129. | Harlow, H.F. (1958). The nature of love. American Psychologist, 13(12), 673–685. https://doi. org/10.1037/h0047884. |
| 130. | Hartup, W.W. (1979) The social worlds of childhood. American Psychologist, 34(10), 944– 950. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.34.10.944. |
| 131. | Hartup, W.W. (1989). Social relationships and their developmental significance. American Psychologist, 44(2), 120–126. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.2.120. |
| 132. | Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J.T., Rapson, R.L. (1994). Emotional contagion. Cambridge University Press. |
| 133. | Hawkley, L.C., Cacioppo, J.T. (2010). Loneliness matters: A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2), 218–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8. |
| 134. | Hawkley, L.C., Thisted, R.A., Cacioppo, J.T. (2009). Loneliness predicts reduced physical activity: Cross-sectional & longitudinal analyses. Health Psychology, 28(3), 354–363. https://doi.org/10/1037/a0014400. |
| 135. | Hayes, A.F. (2022). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford publications. |
| 136. | Hazan, C., Shaver, P.R. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of the Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511. |
| 137. | Hazan, C., Shaver, P.R. (1994). Attachment as an organizational framework for research on close relationships, Psychological Inquiry, 5(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1207/ s15327965pli0501_1. |
| 138. | Hebb, D.O. (1949). The organization of behavior: A neuropsychological theory. Wiley. |
| 139. | Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. Wiley. |
| 140. | Heinrich, L.M., Gullone, E. (2006). The clinical significance of loneliness: A literature review. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(6), 695–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.04.002. |
| 141. | Helliwell, J.F., Layard, R., Sachs, J. (2020). World Happiness Report 2020. Sustainable Development Solutions Network. https://worldhappiness.report. |
| 142. | Hensley, P.L. (2006). Treatment of bereavement-rekated depression and traumatic grief. Journal of Affective Disorders, 92(1), 117–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2005.12.041. |
| 143. | Horney, K. (1937). The neurotic personality of our time. W.W. Norton. |
| 144. | Howard, D.M., Adams, M.J., Clarke, T.K., Hafferty, J.D., Gibson, J., Shirali, M., McIntosh, A.M. (2019). Genome-wide meta-analysis of depression identifies 102 independent variants and highlights the importance of prefrontal brain regions. Nature Neuroscience, 22(3), 343–352. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-018-0326-7. |
| 145. | Ilai, E., Loleti, H.A., Charati, J.Y., Khatir, M.A. (2019). The relationship between attachment style and meaning in life elders. Pharmacophore, 10(5), 37–44. |
| 146. | Insel, T.R., Cuthbert, B.N., Garvey, M.A., (2010). Research domain criteria (RDoC): Towards a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(7), 748–751. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091379. |
| 147. | Insel, T.R., Young, L.J. (2001). The neurobiology of attachment. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2(2), 129–136. https://doi.org/10.1038/35053579. |
| 148. | Joormann, J., Stanton, C.H. (2016). Examining emotion regulation in depression. Behavior Therapy, 47(6), 780–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2016.02.002. |
| 149. | Joormann, J., Stanton, C.H. (2016). Examining emotion regulation in depression: A review and future directions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 86, 35–49. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.brat.2016.07.007. |
| 150. | Iwanski, A., Lichtenstein, L., Muhling, L.E., Zimmermann, P. (2021). Effect of father and mother attachment on depressive symptoms in middle childhood and adolescence: the mediating role of emotion regulation. Brain Sciences, 11(9), 1153. https://doi. org/10.3390/brainsci11091153. |
| 151. | Kalish, R., Muller, M.B., Tuscher, O. (2015). A conceptual framework for the neurobiological study of resilience. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 38, 92. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0140525X1400082X. |
| 152. | Kalmijn, M. (2012). Longitudinal analyses of the effects of age, marriage, and parenthood on social contacts and support. Advances in Life Course Research, 17(4), 177–190. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2012.08.002. |
| 153. | Karreman, A., Vingerhoets, A.J.M. (2012). Attachment and well-being: The mediating role of emotion regulation and resilience. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(7), 821–826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.06.014. |
| 154. | Kelly, J.R., Borre, Y., O’Brien, C., Patterson, E., El Aidy, S., Deane, J., Cryan, J.F. (2016). Transferring the blues: Depressionassociated gut microbiota induces neurobehavioural changes in the rat. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 82, 109–118. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.07.019. |
| 155. | Kendall, P.C., Wilcox, L.E. (1979). Self-control in children: Development of a rating scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47(6), 1020–1029. https://doi. org/10.1037/0022-006X.47.6.1020. |
| 156. | Kendler, K.S. (2016). The nature of psychiatric disorders. World Psychiatry, 15(1), 5–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20292. |
| 157. | Kendler, K.S., Gardner, C.O., Prescott, C.A. (2002). Toward a comprehensive developmental model for major depression in women. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(7), 1133–1145. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.7.1133. |
| 158. | Kendler, K.S., Gatz, M., Gardner, C.O., Pederson, N.L. (2006). A Swedish national twin study of lifetime major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(1), 109–114. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.109. |
| 159. | Kerr, N.A., Stanley, T.B. (2021). Revisting the social stigma of loneliness. Personality and Individual Differences, 171, 110482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110482. |
| 160. | Kessler, R.C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K.R., Walters, E.E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onest distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593– 602. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593. |
| 161. | Kessler, R.C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K.R., Walters, E.E. (2003). The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA, 289(23), 3095–3105. https://doi.org/10.1001/ jama.289.23.3095 |
| 162. | Khan, F., Fraley, R.C., Young, J.F., Hankin, B.L. (2020). Developmental trajectories of attachment and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents. Attachment Human Development, 22(4), 392–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2019.1624790. |
| 163. | Khoskam, S., Bahrami, F., Ahmadi, S.A., Fatehizade, M., Etemadi, O. (2012). Attachment style and rejection sensitivity: The mediating effect of self-esteem and worry among Iranian college studies. Europe’s Journal Psychology, 8(3), 363–374. https://doi. org/10.5964/ejop.v8i3.463. |
| 164. | Kim, M.J., Whalen, P.J. (2009). The structural integrity of an amygdala-prefrontal pathway predicts trait anxiety. Journal of Neuroscience, 29(37), 11614–11618. |
| 165. | Klein, M. (1940). Mourning and its relation to manic-depressive states. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 21, 125–153. |
| 166. | Klein, M. (1952). Some theoretical conclussions regarding the emotional life of the infant. In: M. Klein, Envy and gratitude and other works 1946–1963 (pp. 61–93). Hogarth Press. |
| 167. | Kornaszewska-Polak, M. (2016). Subjective loneliness, well-being and marital satisfaction in couples with different attachment styles. Polskie Forum Psychologiczne, 21(4), 514– 533. https://doi.org/10.14656/PFP20160402. |
| 168. | Kornaszewska-Polak, M. (2018). Przywiązanie i osamotnienie w relacjach romantycznych dorosłych. W: M. Gajewski, Z. Dołęga (red.) Społeczne i psychologiczne przestrzenie samotności (129–152). Oficyna Wydawnicza von Velke. |
| 169. | Korzhina, J., Hemberg J., Nyman-Kurkiala, P., Fagerstrom, L. (2022). Causes of involuntary loneliness among adolescents and young adults: an integrative review. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 27(1), 493–514. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2022.2150088. |
| 170. | Kosfeld, M., Heinrichs, M., Zak, P.J., Fischbacher, U., Fehr, E. (2005). Oxytocin increases trust in humans. Nature, 435(7042), 673–676. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03701. |
| 171. | Kotov, R., Krueger, R.F., Watson, D. (2017). The hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology (HiTOP): A dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126(4), 454–477. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000258. |
| 172. | Kovacs, M. (2003). Children’s Depression Inventory – 2nd Edition (CDI-2). Multi-Health Systems. |
| 173. | Krasko, J., Kazianis, N., Buecker, S. (2025). Loneliness and attachment orientations: a meta- analysis. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/pz67u_v1. |
| 174. | Kwiatkowska, M.M., Rogoza, R., Kwiatkowska, K. (2017). Analysis of the psychometric properties of the Revisced UCLA Loneliness Scale in a Polish adolescent sample. Current Issuess in Personality Psychology, 6(2), 164–170. https://doi.org/105114/ CIPP.2017.69681. |
| 175. | Lam, J.A., Murray, E.R., Yu, K.E., (2021). Neurobiology of loneliness: a systematic review. Neuropsychopharmacology, 46, 1873–1887. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-021-01058-7. |
| 176. | Larinow, P., Mazur, M., Mudło-Głagowska, K. (2025). A screening measure of emotion regulation difficulties: Polish norms and psychometrics of the difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-8 (DERS-8). Healthcare. 13, 432. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13040432. |
| 177. | Larinow, P., Mudło-Głagowska, K., Preece, D.A. (2024). The Polish version of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-Short Form (ERQ-S): Psychometric properties, Polish norms and relationships with psychopathology and well-being. Cambridge Prims: Global Mental Health. 11, e104, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2024.97. |
| 178. | La Rosa, C., Onofri, A. (2017). Żałoba. Psychoterapia poznawczo-ewolucjonistyczna i EMDR. Fundacja Przyjaciele Martynki. |
| 179. | Larose, S., Bernier, A. (2001). Social support processes: Mediators of attachment state of mind and adjustment in late adolescence. Attachment & Human Development, 3(1), 96–120. |
| 180. | Larson, R.W. (1990). The solitary of life: An examination of the time people spend alone from childhood to old age. Developmental Review, 10(2), 155–183. https://doi. org/10.1016/0273-2297(90)90008-R. |
| 181. | Lazarus, R.S. (1984). On the primacy of cognition. American Psychologist, 39(2), 124– 129. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.39.2.124. |
| 182. | Lee, S.L., Pearce, E., Ajnakina, O., Johnson, S., Lewis, G., Mann, F. (2021). The association between loneliness and depressive symptoms among adults aged 50 years and older: a 12-year population-based cohord study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8(1), 48–57. https:// doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30383-7. |
| 183. | Lee, A., Hankin, B.L. (2009). Insecure attachment, dysfunctional attitudes, and low self-esteem predicting prospective symptoms of depression and anxiety during adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 38(2), 219–231. https://doi. org/10.1080/15374410802698396. |
| 184. | Lieberz, J., Scheele, D., Spangler, F.B., Matheisen, T., Schneider, L., Stoffel-Wagner, B., Hurlemann, R. (2020). Kinetics of oxytocin effects on amygdala and stratal reactivity vary between women and men. Neuropsychopharmacology, 45, 1134–1140. https://doi. org/10.1038/s41386-019-0582-6. |
| 185. | Link, B.G., Phelan, J.C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27(1), 363–385. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363. |
| 186. | Liotti, G. (2004). Trauma, dissociation, and disorganized attachment: Three strands of a single braid. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 41(4), 472–486. https:// doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.41.4.472. |
| 187. | Liu, H., Wang, Y., Liu, W., Wei, D., Yang, J., Du, X. (2016). Neuroanatomical correlates of attitudes toward suicide in large healthy sample: a voxel-based morphometric analysis. Neuropsychology, 80, 185–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.11.012. |
| 188. | Long, C.R., Averill, J.R. (2003). Solitude: An exploration of benefits of being alone. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 33(1), 21–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5914.00204. |
| 189. | Lorenz, K. (1935). Der kumpan in der umwelt des vogels: Der artgenosse als auslosendes moment sozialer verhaltensweisen. Journal fur Ornithologie, 83(3), 289–413. https:// doi.org/10.1007/BF01905355. |
| 190. | Lorenz, K. (1970). Studies in animal and human behaviour (Vol. 1). London: Methuen. |
| 191. | Lubiewska, K., Głogowska, K., Mickiewicz, K., Wojtynkiewicz, E., Izdebski, P., Wiśniewski, C. (2016). Skala Experience in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R): struktura, rzetelność oraz skrócona wersja skali w polskiej próbie. Psychologia Rozwojowa, 21(1), 49–63. https://doi.org/10.4467/20843879PR.16.004.4793. |
| 192. | Luo, Y., Hawkley, L.C., Waite, L.J., Cacioppo, J.T. (2012). Loneliness, health, and mortality in old age: A national longitudinal study. Social Science & Medicine, 74(6), 907–914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.028. |
| 193. | Luthar, S.S., Cicchetti, D., Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 534–562. https://doi. org/10.1111/1467-8624.00164. |
| 194. | Łojek, E., Stańczak, J., Wójcik, A. (2015). Kwestionariusz Pomiaru Depresji (KPD). Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych PTP. |
| 195. | Lykes, V.A., Kemmelmeier, M. (2014). What predicts loneliness? Cultural difference between individualistic and collectivistic societies in Europe. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(3), 468–490. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022113509881. |
| 196. | Lyons-Ruth, K., Jacobvitz, D. (2008). Attachment disorganization: Genetic factors, parenting contexts, and developmental transformation from infancy to adulthood. In: J. Cassidy, P.R. Shaver (eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 666–697). Guilford Press. |
| 197. | Łojek, E., Stańczak, J. (2019). Inwentarz Depresji Becka – Wydanie drugie. Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych Polskiego Towarzystwa Psychologicznego. |
| 198. | Madigan, S., Brumariu, L.E., Villani, V. Atkinson, L., Lyons-Ruth, K. (2016). Representational and questionnaire measures of attachment: A meta-analysis of relations to child internalizing and externalizing problems. Psychological Bulletin, 142(4), 36–7399. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000029. |
| 199. | Main, M., Hesse, E., Kaplan, N. (2005). Predictability of attachment behavior and representation processes at 1, 6 and 19 years of age: The Berkeley longitudinal study. In: K.E. Grossman, K. Grossmann, E. Waters (eds.), Attachment from infancy to adulthood: The major longitudinal studies (pp. 245–304). The Guardian Press. |
| 200. | Main, M., Kaplan, N., Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. Monographs of the Society of Research in Child Development, 50(1/2), 66–104. |
| 201. | Main, M., Solomon, J. (1990). Procedures for identyfing infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation. In: M.T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, E.M. Cummings (eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 121–160). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. |
| 202. | Malhi, G.S., Mann, J.J. (2018). Depression. The Lancet, 392(10161), 2299–2312. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31948-2. |
| 203. | Malik, S., Wells, A., Wittkowski A. (2015). Emotion regulation as a mediator in the relationship between attachment and depressive symptomatology: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 172, 428–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.007. |
| 204. | Malinowski, M. [@michal_malinowski_official]. (2025, May 17). Jest tylko ten księżyc i dookoła nie ma nic… [Reel]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/reel/DJmzEaXvibR. |
| 205. | Martin, L.A., Neighbors, H.W., Griffith, D.M. (2013). The experience of symptoms of depression in men vs women: Analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(10), 1100–1106. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1985. |
| 206. | Marganska, A., Gallagher, M., Miranda, R. (2013). Adult attachment, emotion dysregulation, and symptoms of depression and generalized anxiety disorder. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 83(1), 131–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajop.12001. |
| 207. | Masi, C.M., Chen, H.Y., Hawkley, L.C., Cacioppo, J.T. (2011). A meta-analysis of interventions to reduce loneliness. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15(3), 219–266. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868310377394. |
| 208. | Matthews, T., Danese, A., Caspi, A., Fisher, H.L., Goldman-Mellor, S., Kepa, A., Moffitt, T.E., Arseneault, L. (2016). Lonely young adults in modern Britain: Findings from an epidemiological cohort study. Psychological Medicine, 49(2), 268–277. https://doi. org/10.1017/S0033291718000788. |
| 209. | Mayers, A.M., Khoo, S.T., Svartberg, M. (2002). The Existential loneliness Questionnaire: background, development, and preliminary findings. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(9), 1183–1193. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10038. |
| 210. | McEwen, B.S. (2003). Mood disorders and allostatic load. Biological Psychiatry, 54(3), 200– 207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00177-X. |
| 211. | McGowan, P.O. Sasaki, A., D’Alessio, A.C., Dymov, S., Labonte, B., Szyf, M., Meaney, M.J. (2009). Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childchood abuse. Nature Neuroscience, 12, 342–348. https://doi. org/10.1038/nn.2270. |
| 212. | McInthosh, A., Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consorium. (2025). Trans-ancestry genome-wide study of depression identifies 697 associations implicating cell types and pharmacotherapies. Cell, 188(3): 640–652. https://:doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2024.12.002. |
| 213. | McLaughlin, K.A., Sheridan, M.A., Lambert, H.K. (2014). Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 47, 578–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.012. |
| 214. | McQueen, G.M., Frodl, T. (2011). The hippocampus in major depression: evidence for the convergence of the bench and bedside in psychiatric research? Molecular Psychiatry, 16(3), 252–264. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2010.80. |
| 215. | Meaney, M.J., Szyf, M. (2005). Environmental programming stress responses through DNA methylation: Life at the interface between a dynamic environmental and fixed genome. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 7(2), 103–123. https://doi.org/10.31887/ DCNS.2005.7.2/mmeaney. |
| 216. | Melito, R. (1985). Adaptation in family systems: a developmental perspective. Fam, Process, 24(1), 89–100. https://doi.org/101111/j.1545-5300.1985.00089.x. |
| 217. | Meshi, D., Tamir, D.I., Heekeren, H.R. (2015). The emerging neuroscience of social media. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19(12), 771–782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2015.09.004. |
| 218. | Mihalca, A.M., Pilecka, W. (2015). Struktura czynnikowa i trafność Skali Lęku i Depresji Szpitalnej (HADS) u polskiej młodzieży. Psychiatria Polska, 49(5), 1071–1088. https:// doi.org/10.12740/PP/38139. |
| 219. | Mijuskovic, B.L. (1986). Loneliness in philosophy, psychology, and literature. Van Gorcum. |
| 220. | Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P.R., Pereg, D. (2003). Attachment theory and affect regulation: The dynamics, development, and cognitive consequences of attachment related strategies. |
| 221. | Motivation and Emotion, 27(2), 77–102. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024515519160. |
| 222. | Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P.R. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. Guilford Press. |
| 223. | Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P.R. (2016). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change (2nd ed.). Guilford Press. |
| 224. | Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P.R. (2019). Attachment orientations and emotion regulation. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 6–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.02.006. |
| 225. | Moksnes, U.K., Bjornsen, H.N., Ringdal R., Eilertsen M.B., Espnes G.A. (2022). Association between loneliness, self-esteem and outcome of life satisfaction in Norwegian adolescents aged 15–21. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 50(8): 1089–1096. https:// doi.org/10.1177/14034948221081287. |
| 226. | Mund, M., Neyer, F.J. (2016). The winding paths of the lonesome cowboy: Evidence for mutual influence between personality, subjective health, and loneliness. Journal of Personality, 84(5), 646–657. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12188. |
| 227. | Murray, H.A. (1964). Próba analizy sił kierunkowych osobowości. W: J. Reykowski (red.) Problemy osobowości i motywacji w psychologii amerykańskiej (s. 166). PWN. |
| 228. | Nam, S.K., Chu, H.J., Lee, M.K., Lee, J.H., Kim, N., Lee, S.M. (2010). A meta-analysis of gender differences in attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help. Journal Am. Coll. Health, 59, 110–116. |
| 229. | Nass, C., Moon, Y. (2000). Machines and mindlessness: Social responses to computers. Journal of Social Issues, 56(1), 81–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00153. |
| 230. | Nesse, R.M. (2000). Is depression an adaptation? Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(1), 14– 20. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.57.1.14. |
| 231. | Nestler, E.J., Barrot, M., DiLeone, R.J., Eisch, A.J., Gold, S.J., Monteggia, L.M. (2002). Neurobiology of depression. Neuron, 34(1), 13–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00653-0. |
| 232. | Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000). The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/ depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(3), 504–511. https://doi. org/10.1037/0021-843X.109.3.504. |
| 233. | Norkeviciene, A., Gocentiene, R., Sestokaite, A., Sabaliauskaite, R., Debkaviciene, D., Jarmalaite, S. (2022). A systematic review of candidate genes for major depression. Medicina, 58(2): 285. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58020285. |
| 234. | Novak, S.P., Clayton, R.R. (2001). Self-Regulation Scale. APA PsycTests. https://doi. org/10.1037/t55513-000. |
| 235. | Nowland, R., Necka, E.A., Cacioppo, J.T. (2018). Loneliness and social internet use: Pathways to reconnection in digital world? Perspectives in a digital world? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(1), 70–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617713052. |
| 236. | O’Hara, M.W., McCabe, J.E. (2013). Postpartum depression: Current status and future directions. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 379–407. https://doi.org/10.1146/ annurev-clinpsy-050212-185612. |
| 237. | Oishi, S., Diener, E., Lucas, R.E., Suh, E. (2012). Cross-cultural variations in predictors of life satisfaction. In: Cultural Psychology of Well-Being (pp. 13–33). Springer. |
| 238. | Omar, A.N., Alshahawy, H.H., Hewedi, D.H., Hashem, R.E., Tawfik, F.A. (2018). Relationship between Oxytocin Level and Major Depressive Disorder. The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine, 72(11). 5628–5633. https://doi.org/10.21608/EJHM.2018.11522. |
| 239. | Oxford English Dictionary (2023). Loneliness. OED Online. Oxford University Press. https://www.oed.com. |
| 240. | Ozsoy, S., Esel, E., Kula, M. (2009). Serum oxytocin levels in patients with depression and effect of gender and antidepressant treatment. Psychiatry Research, 169(3), 249–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2008.06.034. |
| 241. | Parcesepe, A.M., Cabassa, L.J. (2013). Public stigma of mentall illness in the United States: A systematic literature review. Administration and Policy in Mental Health Services Research, 40(5), 384–399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-012-0430-z. |
| 242. | Pariante, C.M., Lightman, S.L. (2008). The HPA axis in major depression: Classical theories and new developments. Trends in Neurosciences, 31(9), 464–468. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.tins.2008.06.006. |
| 243. | Peen, J., Schoevers, R.A., Beekman, A.T., Dekker, J. (2010). The current status of urban– rural differences in psychiatric disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 121(2), 84– 93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01438.x. |
| 244. | Penner, F., Steinberg, L., Sharp, C. (2022). The development and validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-8: Provding respondents with a uniform context the elicts thinking about situations requiring emotion regulation. Journal of Personality Assesment, 105(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2022.2133722. |
| 245. | Peplau, L.A., Perlman, D. (1982). Perspectives on loneliness. In: L.A. Peplau, D. Perlman (eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research, and therapy (pp. 1–20). Wiley. |
| 246. | Perlman, D., Peplau, L.A. (1981). Toward a social psychology of loneliness. In: R. Gilmour, S. Duck (eds.), Personal relationship in disorder (pp. 31–56). Academic Press. |
| 247. | Plopa, M. (2008). Kwestionariusz Stylów Przywiązaniowych (KSP) Podręcznik. AEH. ISBN 978-83-61086-05-5. |
| 248. | Polewka, A., Groszek, B., Targosz, B., Szkolnicka, B., Chrostek, J., Kroch, S., Pach, J. (2004). Częstość prób samobójczych w zależności od płci i struktury wiekowej. Przegląd Lekarski, 61(4), 265–268. |
| 249. | Pressman, S.D., Cohen, S., Miller, G.E., Barkin, A., Rabin, B.S., Treanor, J.J. (2005). Loneliness, social network size, and immune response to influenza vaccination in college freshmen. Health Psychology, 24(3), 297–306. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.24.3.297 |
| 250. | Putnam, R.D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. Simon & Schuster. |
| 251. | Qualter, P., Brown, S.L., Munn, P., Rotenberg, K.J. (2010). Childhood loneliness as a predictor of adolescent depressive symptoms: An 8-year longitudinal study. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 19(6), 493–501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-009-0059-y. |
| 252. | Qualter, P., Vanhalst, J., Harris, R., Van Roekel, E., Lodder, G., Bangee, M., Maes, M., Verhagen, M. (2015). Loneliness across the life span. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 250–264. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615568999. |
| 253. | Ray, R.D., Ochsner, K.N., Cooper, J.C., Robertson, E.R., Gabrieli, J.D.E., Gross, J.J. (2005). Individual differences in trait rumination and the neural systems supporting cognitive reappraisal. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 5(2), 156–168. https://doi. org/10.3758/CABN.5.2.156. |
| 254. | Rholes, W.S., Simpson, J.A., Kohn, J.L., Wilson, C.L., Martin, A.M. (2011). Attachment orientations and depression: a longitudinal study of new parents. Journal of Social Psychology, 100(4), 567–586. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022802. |
| 255. | Rogini, E., Galati, D., Costa, T., Crini, M. (2007). Relationship between adult attachment patterns, emotional experience and EEG frontal asymmetry. Personality and Individual Differences, 44: 909–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.10.021. |
| 256. | Rodrigues, S.M., Saslow, L.R., Garcia, N., John, O.P., Keltner, D. (2009). Oxytocin receptor genetic variation relates to empathy and stress reactivity in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(50), 21437–21441. https://doi.org/10.1073/ pnas.0909579106. |
| 257. | Rokach, A. (2007). The effects of age and culture on the causes of loneliness, Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal, 35(2), 169–186. https://doi.org/1-.2224/ sbp.2007.35.2.169. |
| 258. | Rokach, A., Orzeck, T., Neto, F. (2004). Coping with loneliness in Old Age: A cross-cultural comparison. Curren Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 23(2), 124–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02903073. |
| 259. | Rosenthal, N.E., Sack, D.A., Gillin, J.C., Lewy, A.J., Goodwin, F.K., Davenport, Y., Wehr, T.A. (1984). Seasonal affective disorder: A description of the syndrome and preliminary findings with light therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41(1), 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790120076010. |
| 260. | Ross, H.E., Young, L.J. (2009). Oxytocin and the neural mechanism regulating social cognition and afilliative behavior. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 30(4), 534–547. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.05.004. |
| 261. | Russell, D.W., Peplau, L.A., Cutrona, C.E. (1980). The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 472–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.472. |
| 262. | Ryan, R.M., Deci, E.L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1). 141–166. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141. |
| 263. | Ryder, A.G., Yang, J., Zhu, X., Yao, S., Yi, J., Heine, S.J., Bagby, R.M. (2008). The cultural shaping of depression: Somatic symptoms in China, psychological symptoms in North America? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(2), 300–313. https://doi. org/10.1037/0021-843X.117.2.300. |
| 264. | Ryff, C.D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069–1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069. |
| 265. | Salanova, M., Del Libano M., Llorens, S., Schaufeli, W.B. (2014). Engaged, workaholic, burned-out or just 9-to-5? Toward a typology of employee well-being. Stress and Health, 30(1), 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2499. |
| 266. | Sapolsky, R.M. (2000). Glucocorticoids and hippocampal atrophy in neuropsychiatric disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(10), 925–935. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.57.10.925. |
| 267. | Schaffer, H.R. (2004). Psychologia dziecka. Warszawa: PWN. |
| 268. | Schaufeli, W.B., Taris, T.W., Bakker, A.B. (2008). It takes two to tango: Workaholism is working excessively and working compulsively. In: R.J. Burke (ed.), Work hours and work addiction: Causes, consequences and choices (p. 203–226). Edward Elgar Publishing. |
| 269. | Scheridan, M.A., McLaughlin, K.A. (2016). Neurobiological models of the impact of adversity an education. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 10, 108–113. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.05.013. |
| 270. | Schore, A.N. (2001). The effects of early relational trauma on right brain development, affect regulation, and infant mental health. Infant Mental Health Journal, 22(1–2), 201–269. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0355(200101/04)22:1<201::AID-IMHJ8>3.0.CO;2-9. |
| 271. | Schore, A.N. (2021). The development of the unconscious mind. W.W. Norton & Company. |
| 272. | Schrodt, P., Witt, P.L., Messersmith, A.S. (2008). A meta-analytical review of family communication patterns and their associations with information processing, behavioral, and psychosocial outcomes. Communication Monographs, 75(3), 248–269. https://doi. org/10.1080/03637750802256318. |
| 273. | Segal, H. (1988). Introduction to the work of Melanie Klein. Karnac Books. |
| 274. | Segrin, C. (1998). Interpersonal communication problems associated with depression and loneliness. In: P.A. Andersen, L.K. Guerrero (eds.). Academic Handbook of Communication and emotion: Research, theory, applications and contexts (pp. 215–242). San Diego: San Diego Press. |
| 275. | Segrin, C. (1999). Social skills, stressful life events, and the development of psychological problems. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 18(1), 14–34. https://doi. org/10.1521/jscp.1999.18.1.14. |
| 276. | Seligman, M.E.P. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development, and death. W.H. Freeman. Serpeloni, F., Radtke, K.M., Hecker, T., Sill, J., Elbert, T. (2017). Grandmaternal stress during pregnancy and DNA methylation of the third generation: an epigenome-wide association study. Translantional Psychiatry, 7, e1202. https://doi.org/10.1038/ tp.2017.153. |
| 277. | Sheline, Y.I., Price, J.L., Yan, Z., Mintun, M.A. (2010). Resting-state fMRI in depression unmasks increased connectivity between networks via the dorsal nexus. PNAS, 107(24), 11020–11025. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1000446107. |
| 278. | Sheline, Y.I., Sanghavi, M., Mintun, M.A., Gado, M.H. (1999). Depression duration but not age predicts hippocampal volume loss in medically healthy women with recurrent major depression. Journal of Neuroscience, 19(12), 5034–5043. https://doi.org/10.1523/ JNEUROSCI.19-12-05034.1999. |
| 279. | Slavich, G.M., Irwin, M.R. (2014). From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. Psychological Bulletin, 140(3), 774–815. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035302. |
| 280. | Sliskovic, A., Juranko, A. (2019). Dual life of seafares families: Descriptive study of perspectives of seafarers partners. Community, Work & Family, 22(5), 629–646. https://doi. org/10.1080/13668803.2019.1579172. |
| 281. | Southwick, S.M., Bonanno, G.A., Masten, A.S., PanterBrick, C., Yehuda, R. (2014). Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: Interdisciplinary perspectives. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.25338. |
| 282. | Spitz, R.A. (1945). Hospitalism: An inquiry into the genesis of psychiatric conditions in early childhood. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 1, 53–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/00797308.1945.11823126. |
| 283. | Spruit, A., Goos, L., Weenink, N. (2020). The relation between attachment and depression in children and adolescents: A multilevel meta-analysis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 23, 54–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-019-00299-9. |
| 284. | Sroufe, L.A. (2005). Attachment and development: A prospective, longitudinal study from birth to adulthood. Attachment & Human Development, 7(4), 349–367. https://doi. org/10.1080/14616730500365928. |
| 285. | Stickley, A., Koyanagi, A. (2016). Loneliness, common mental disorders, and suicidal behavior: Findings from general population survey. Journal of Affective Disorders, 197, 81– 87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.054. |
| 286. | Stovall-McClough, K.C., Cloitre, M. (2006). Unresolved attachment, PTSD, and dissociation in women with childhood abuse histories. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(2), 219–229. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.74.2.219. |
| 287. | Strelau, J. (2014). Różnice indywidualne. Historia-determinanty-zastosowania. Scholar. |
| 288. | Sullivan, P.F., Neale, M.C. Kendler, K.S. (2000). Genetic epidemiology of major depression: Review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(10), 1552–1562. https:// doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.10.1552. |
| 289. | Sun, H., Kennedy, P.J., Nestler, E.J. (2013). Epigenetics of the depressed brain: Role of histone acetylation and methylation. Neuropsychopharmacology, 38(1), 124–137. https:// doi.org/10.1038/npp.2012.73. |
| 290. | Takahashi, T., Sasabayashi, D., Yucel, M., Whittle, S., Lorenzetti, V., Walterfang, M., Suzuki, M., Pantelis, C. (2020). Pineal gland volume in major depressive and bipolar disorders. Frontiers Psychiatry, 20(11): 450. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00450. |
| 291. | Tatarkiewicz, W. (2025). O szczęściu. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. |
| 292. | Taylor, S.E., Lerner, J.S., Sage, F.M., Lehman, B.J., Seeman, T.E. (2004). Early environment, emotions, responses to stress, and health. Journal of Personality, 72(6), 1365– 1393. https://doi.org.10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00300.x. |
| 293. | Tedeschi, R.G., Calhoun, L.G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1207/ s15327965pli1501_01. |
| 294. | Teicher, M.H., Anderson, C.M., Polcari, A. (2012). Childhood maltreatment is associated with reduced volume in the hippocampal subfields CA3, dentate gyrus, and subiculum. PNAS USA, 109(9), 563–572. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1115396109. |
| 295. | Teicher, M.H., Samson, J.A. (2016). Annual research review: Enduring neurobiological effects of childhood abuse and neglect. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(3), 241–266. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12507. |
| 296. | Teo, A.R., Lerrigo, R., Rogers, M.A. (2013). The role of social isolation in social anxiety disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(4), 286–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.03.010. |
| 297. | Thapar, A., Collishaw, S., Pine, D.S., Thapar, A.K. (2012). Depression in adolescence. The Lancet, 379(9820), 1056–1067. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60871-4. |
| 298. | Thibodeau, R., Jorgensen, R.S., Kim, S. (2006). Depression, anxiety, and resting frontal EEG asymmetry: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(4), 715– 729. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.115.4.715. |
| 299. | Thomas, M., Azmitia, M. (2019). Motivation matters: Development and validation of the Motivation for Solitude Scale–Short Form (MSS-SF). Journal of Adolescence, 720, 33– 42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.11.004. |
| 300. | Thompson, R.A. (2011). Emotion and emotion regulation: Two sides of the developing coin. Emotion Review, 3(1), 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073910380969. |
| 301. | Thorberg, F.A., Lyvers, M. (2010). Attachment in relation to affect regulation and interpersonal functioning among substance use disorder inpatients. Addiction Research & Theory, 18(4), 464–478. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066350903254783. |
| 302. | Tillich, P. (1952). The courage to be. Yale University Press. |
| 303. | Tomova, L., Wang, K.L., Thompson, T., Matthews, G.A., Takahashi, A., Tye, K., Saxe, R. (2020). Acute social isolation evokes midbrain craving responses similar to hunger. Nature Neuroscience, 23(12), 1597–1605. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-020-00742-z. |
| 304. | Tronick, E.Z., Als, H., Adamson, L., Wise, S., Brazelton, T.B. (1978). The infant’s response to entrapment between contradictory message in face to face interaction. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 17(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-7138(09)62273-1. |
| 305. | Tsankova, N., Renthal, W., Kumar, A., Nestler, E.J. (2007). Epigenetic regulation in psychiatric disorders. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8(5), 355–367. https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41583-018-0089-x. |
| 306. | Turkle, S. (2011). Alone together: Why we expect more from technology and less from each other. Basic Books. |
| 307. | Uniwersytet Medyczny we Wrocławiu. (2024). Doskwiera nam przewlekła samotność. https:// www.umw.edu.pl/pl/aktualności/doskwiera-nam-przewlekla-samotnosc. |
| 308. | Uvnäs-Moberg K. (1998). Oxytocin may mediate the beneficts of positive social interaction and emotions. Psychoneuroendocrinol, 23(8), 819–835. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4530(98)00056-0. |
| 309. | Van Der Vinne, N., Vollebregt, M.A., van Putten, M.J., Arns, M. (2017). Frontal alpha asymmetry as a diagnostic marker in depression: Fact or fiction? A metaanalysis. NeuroImage: Clinical, 16, 79–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2017.07.006. |
| 310. | Vanhalst, J., Luyckx, K., Raes, F., Goossens, L. (2012). Loneliness and depressive symptoms: The mediating and moderating role of uncontrollable ruminative thoughts. Journal of Psychology, 146(1), 259–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2011.555433. |
| 311. | Vanhalst, J., Luyckx, K., Scholte, R.H., Engels, R.C., Goossens, L. (2013). Low self-esteem as a risk factor for loneliness in adolescence: Perceived – but not actual – social acceptance as an underlying mechanism. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41(7), 1067–1081. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-013-9751-y. |
| 312. | Van Orden, K.A., Witte, T.K., Cukrowicz, K.C., Braithwaite, S.R., Selby, E.A., Joiner, T.E. (2010). The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychological Review, 117(2), 575–600. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018697. |
| 313. | Van Tilburg, T.G. (2021). Social, emotional, and existential loneliness: A test of the multidimensional concept. The Gereontologist, 61(7), 335–344. https://doi.org/10.1093/ geront/gnaa082. |
| 314. | Wang, K.Y.H., Kealy, D., Cox, D.W. (2022). A pathway to meaning in life: Early parental support, attachment, and the moderating role of alexithymia. Journal of Adult Development, 29(3), 214–227. |
| 315. | Watrowski, R., Rohde, A. (2014). Validation of the Polish version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in three populations of gynecologic patients. Archives of Medical Science, 10(3), 517–524. https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2013.36520. |
| 316. | Wciórka, J. (2011). Zdrowie psychiczne – pojęcie i mierzenie. W: J. Wciórka (red.). Zdrowie psychiczne i jego ochrona. Raport o stanie psychiatrii w Polsce (s. 9–24). Instytut Psychiatrii i Neurologii. |
| 317. | Weeks, D.G., Michela, J.L., Peplau, L.A., Bragg, M.E. (1980). Relation between loneliness and depression: A structural equation analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 1238–1244. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0077709. |
| 318. | Wei, M., Russell, D.W., Mallinckrodt, B., Vogel, D.L. (2007). The Experiences in Close Relationship Scale (ECR)-Short Form: Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88(2), 187–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890701268041. |
| 319. | Wei, M., Shaffer, P.A., Young, S.K., Zakalik, R.A. (2005). Adult attachment, shame, depression, and loneliness: The mediation role of basic psychological needs satisfaction. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(4), 591–601. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.4.591. |
| 320. | Weiss, R.S. (1973). Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation. MIT Press. |
| 321. | Weissbourd, R., Batanova, M., Lovison, V., Torres, E. (2021). Loneliness in America: How the pandemic has deepened an epidemic of loneliness and what we can do about it. Making Caring Common Project, Harvard Graduate School of Education. https:// mcc.gse.harvard.edu/reports/loneliness-in-america |
| 322. | Wiglusz, M.S., Landowski, J., Michalak, L., Cubała, W.J. (2016). Validation of the Polish Version of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior, 62, 81–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.06.030. |
| 323. | Williams, D.R., Gonzalez, H.M., Neighbors, H., Nesse, R., Abelson, J.M., Sweetman, J., Jackson, J.S. (2007). Prevalence and distribution of major depressive disorder in African Americans, Caribbean Blacks, and NonHispanic Whites: Results from the National Survey of American Life. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(3), 305–315. https:// doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.3.305. |
| 324. | Winnicot, D.W. (1953). Transitional objects and transitional phenomena. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 34, 89–97. |
| 325. | Wong, N.M., Liu, H.L., Lin, C., Huang, C.M., Wai, Y.Y., Lee, S.H. (2016). Loneliness in latelife depression: structural and functional connectivity during affective processing. Psychological Medicine, 46(12), 2485–2499. https://doi.org./10.1017/S0033291716001033 |
| 326. | World Health Organization. (2022). International classification of diseases 11th revision (ICD-11). https://icd.who.int/en. |
| 327. | World Health Organization. (2023). Depression. https://www.who.int/news-room/factsheets/ detail/depression. |
| 328. | Wray, N.R., Ripke, S., Mattheisen, M., Trzaskowski, M., Byrne, E.M., Sullivan, P.F. (2018). Genome-wide association analyses identify 44 risk variants and refine the genetic architecture of major depression. Nature Genetics, 50(5), 668–681. https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41588-018-0090-3. |
| 329. | Wrocławska-Warchala, E., Wujcik, R. (2017). CDI 2 Zestaw Kwestionariuszy do Diagnozy Depresji u Dzieci i Młodzieży. Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych PTP. |
| 330. | Yalom, I.D. (1980). Existential psychotherapy. Basic Books. |
| 331. | Yehuda, R., Daskalakis, N.P., Bierer, L.M., Bader, H.N., Klengel, T., Holsboer, F., Binder, E.B. (2016). Holocaust exposure induced intergenerational effects on FKBP5 methylation. Biological Psychiatry, 80(5), 372–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.005. |
| 332. | Yesavage, J.A., Brink, T.L., Rose, T.L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M., Leirer, V.O. (1982). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17(1), 37–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4. |
| 333. | Young, J.E., Klosko, J.S., Weishaar, M.E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner’s guide. Guilford Press. |
| 334. | Zachar, P., Kendler, K.S. (2017). The philosophy of nosology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 13, 49–71. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045020. |
| 335. | Zajewska-Puchała, J., Kostrz, M., Majda, A., Kamińska, A. (2015). The loneliness of older people. Nursing Problems, 23(2), 233–238. https://doi.org/10.5603/PP.2015.0039. |
| 336. | Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35(2), 151–175. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.35.2.151. |
| 337. | Zawadzki, B., Popiel, A., Pragłowska, E. (2009). Inwentarz depresji Becka BDI-II. Polska adaptacja. Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych PTP. |
| 338. | Zhang, D., You, Y., Cai, L., Zhang, W., Zhang, K., Wu, Y. (2024). The relationship between family communication and adolescent problematic internet use: The chain mediation effects of loneliness and depression. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 17, 4263–4280. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S486192. |
| 339. | Zhang, W.N., Chang, S.H., Guo, L.Y., Zhang, K.L., Wang, J. (2013). The neural correlates of reward-related processing in major depressive disorder: A meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151(2), 531–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.039. |
| 340. | Zhang, X., Li, J., Xie, F., Chen, X., Xu, W. (2022). The relationship between adult attachment and mental health: A meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 123(5), 1089–1137. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000437. |
| 341. | Zheng, L., Luo, Y., Chen, X. (2020). Different effects of attachment avoidance and attachment avoidance on depressive symptoms: A meta-analysis. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 37(12), 3028–3050. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407520946482. |
| 342. | Zigmond, A.S., Snaith, R.P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x. |