ISBN: 978-83-7972-867-1
ISBN (online): 978-83-7972-868-8
ISSN: 0860-2751
OAI
DOI: 10.18276/978-83-7972-868-8
Lista wydań / T. (MCDXVII) 1343
| Rok wydania: | 2024 |
| Dziedzina: | Dziedzina nauk społecznych |
| Dyscyplina: | ekonomia i finanse |
| Słowa kluczowe: | redistribution taxes transfers economic inequalities income inequalities wealth inequalities United States |
| Autorzy: |
Michał
Prusinowski
Uniwersytet Szczeciński |
Informacje
Wersja elektroniczna publikacji dostępna na licencji CC BY-SA 4.0 po 12 miesiącach od daty wprowadzenia do obrotu: kwiecień 2025
Abstrakt
“Redistribution and the Rise of Economic Inequality in the United States from 1970 to 2020”
The monograph presents a comprehensive analysis of the role of redistribution policies in shaping economic inequality in the United States between 1970 and 2020. The aim of the study was to examine how changes in tax and transfer systems influenced the growth of income and wealth inequality in the United States, in the context of dynamic social, economic, and political transformations. The work is based on extensive empirical analysis using data from the World Inequality Database (WID), as well as an examination of changes in the U.S. tax system and social transfer programs.
The results of the empirical research, based on long-term data analysis on income and wealth distribution, revealed that in the United States, the benefits of redistribution have shifted toward the wealthiest percentiles of the distribution. At the same time, taxes and transfers, which theoretically should reduce inequalities, in practice have resulted in a further increase in income and wealth disparities. Based on the conducted empirical studies and theoretical analysis of global trends in economic inequality, the research indicated that the observed rise in inequality was not solely the result of globalization, technological advancement, or international trade, as previously suggested by theoretical knowledge, but was largely driven by political decisions that favored the wealthiest social groups.
Bibliografia
| 1. | Monografie |
| 2. | Ahmad, Aqueil. New Age Globalization: Meaning and Metaphors. Nowy Jork: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137319494. |
| 3. | Aslund, Anders. How Capitalism Was Built: The Transformation of Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, the Caucasus, and Central Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. |
| 4. | Atkinson, Anthony B. Inequality: What Can Be Done?. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2015. Kindle. |
| 5. | Atkinson, Anthony B., Allan J. Harrison. Distribution of Personal Wealth in Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953. |
| 6. | Banerjee, Abhijit V., Esther Duflo. Good Economics for Hard Times. Nowy Jork: Penguin, 2019. Kindle. |
| 7. | Barros, Ricardo Paes de, Francisco H.G. Ferreira, Jose R. Molinas Vega, Jaime Saavedra Chanduvi. Measuring Inequality of Opportunities in Latin America and the Caribbean. Nowy Jork: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/ handle/10986/2580. |
| 8. | Batto, Nathan, Chi Huang, Alexander C. Tan, Gary W. Cox. Mixed-Member Electoral Systems in Constitutional Context: Taiwan, Japan, and Beyond. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2016. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1gk08h7. |
| 9. | Belenky, Alexander S. Understanding the Fundamentals of the U.S. Presidential Election System. Berlin: Springer, 2012. |
| 10. | Bittker, Boris I., Charles O. Galvin, R.A. Musgrave, Joseph A. Pechman. A Comprehensive Income Tax Base? A Debate. Branford: Federal Tax Press, 1968. |
| 11. | Bowles, Samuel. The New Economics of Inequality and Redistribution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139012980.002. |
| 12. | Bruno, Michael, Jeffrey D. Sachs. The Economics of Worldwide Stagflation. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985. |
| 13. | Brynjolfsson, Erik, Andrew McAfee. Race Against the Machine: How the Digital Revolution Is Accelerating Innovation, Driving Productivity, And Irreversibly Transforming Employment and The Economy. Lexington: Digital Frontier Press, 2012. Kindle. |
| 14. | Cowell, Frank A. Measuring Inequality. Londyn: Oxford University Press, 2011. |
| 15. | Dabla-Norris, Era, Kalpana Kochhar, Frantisek Ricka, Evridiki Tsounta. Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality: A Global Perspective. International Monetary Fund, 2015. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2015/sdn1513.pdf. |
| 16. | Fisher, Irving. The Nature of Capital and Income. Londyn: The MacMillan Company, 1906. https://archive.org/details/natureofcapitali00fishiala/page/n5/mode/1up?ref= ol&view=theater. |
| 17. | Fleurbaey, Marc. Fairness, Responsibility, and Welfare. Nowy Jork: Oxford University Press, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199215911.001.0001. |
| 18. | Gilpin, Jean M. The Challenge of Global Capitalism: The World Economy in the 21st Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv36zqhs. |
| 19. | Huwart, Jean, Loïc Verdier, Economic Globalisation: Origins and Consequences. Paryż: OECD Publishing, 2013. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/economic-globalisation_ 9789264111905-en. |
| 20. | Kuznets, Simon, Elizabeth Jenks. „Changes in Income Shares over Time, Several Variants, 1913–1948”. W: Shares of Upper Income Groups in Income and Savings. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1953. https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/ c3056/c3056.pdf. |
| 21. | Lequiller, François, Derek Blades. Understanding National Accounts. Paryż: OECD Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264214637-en. |
| 22. | Li, Minqi. Profit, Accumulation, and Crisis in Capitalism: Long-term Trends in the UK, US, Japan, and China, 1855–2018. Londyn: Routledge, 2020. |
| 23. | Lilleker, Darren. Key Concepts in Political Communication. Londyn: Sage Publications, 2006. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446212943. |
| 24. | Lipset, Martin S., Stein Rokkan. Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives. Nowy Jork: Free Press, 1967. |
| 25. | Madland, David. Hollowed Out: Why the Economy Doesn’t Work without a Strong Middle Class. Oakland: University of California Press, 2015. |
| 26. | Makać, Wiesława, Danuta Urbanek-Krzysztofiak. Metody opisu statystycznego. Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego, 2004. |
| 27. | Malthus, Thomas. An Essay on the Principle of Population: The 1803 Edition. Red. Niall O’Flaherty, Deborah Valenze, E.A. Wrigley, Kenneth Binmore, Karen O’Brien. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1bvnf95. |
| 28. | Marshall, Alfred. Principles of Economics. Londyn: MacMillan and Co., 1890. https://oll. libertyfund.org/title/marshall-principles-of-economics-8th-ed. |
| 29. | Marx, Karl. Capital: A Critique of Political Economy. Volume I: The Process of Capitalist Production. Red. F. Engels. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr and Company, 1909. https://oll.libertyfund. org/title/marx-capital-a-critique-of-political-economy-volume-i-the-processof- capitalist-production. |
| 30. | Marx, Karl. The Poverty of Philosophy. Moskwa: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1892. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.228834. |
| 31. | Milanovic, Branko. Capitalism, Alone. The Future of the System That Rules the World. Cambridge: Belknap Press, 2019. Kindle. |
| 32. | Milanovic, Branko. Global Inequality: A New Approach for the Age of Globalization. Londyn: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2016. Kindle. |
| 33. | Mill, John S. Principles of Political Economy. Red. William J. Ashley. Londyn: Longman Green and Co., 1909. https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/mill-principles-of-politicaleconomy- ashley-ed. |
| 34. | Norman, Jesse. Adam Smith: Father of Economics. Nowy Jork: Basic Books, 2018. Kindle. Orléan, André. The Empire of Value: A New Foundation for Economics. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2014. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qf7bb. |
| 35. | Pareto, Vilfredo. Manual of Political Economy. Red. Aldo Montesano, Alberto Zanni, Luigino Bruni, John S. Chipman, Michael McLure. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. |
| 36. | Piketty, Thomas. Capital and Ideology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2020. Kindle. |
| 37. | Piketty, Thomas. Kapitał w XXI wieku. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Krytyki Politycznej, 2015. Kindle. |
| 38. | Ricardo, David. On the Principles of Political Economy, and Taxation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/on-theprinciples- of-political-economy-and-taxation/on-bounties-on-production/EF33FBD11 87619E9C977DB6C5C2E696A. |
| 39. | Saez, Emmanuel, Gabriel Zucman. The Triumph of Injustice: How the Rich Dodge Taxes and How to Make Them Pay. Nowy Jork: W.W. Norton & Company, 2019. Kindle. |
| 40. | Samuelson, Paul A., William D. Nordhaus. Economics. Londyn: McGrow-Hill, Irwin, 2009. |
| 41. | Say, Jean B. A Treatiese on Political Economy. Red. Charles R. Prinsep. Filadelfia: Lippincott, Grambo and Company, 1834. https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/biddle-a-treatiseon- political-economy. |
| 42. | Scheidel, Walter. The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017. https:// www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv346rs7. |
| 43. | Schneider, Michael, Mike Pottenger, J.E. King. The Distribution of Wealth – Growing Inequality? Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2016. https://www.elgaronline. com/display/9781783476435/chapter01.xhtml?tab_body=pdf-copy1. |
| 44. | Schumpeter, Joseph A. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. Red. Joseph E. Stiglitz. Londyn: Routledge, 2010. |
| 45. | Scott, Bruce R. The Concept of Capitalism. Heidelberg: Springer Berlin, 2009. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-3-642-03110-6. |
| 46. | Sen, Amartya. Collective Choice and Social Welfare: Expanded Edition. Red. Amartya Sen. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2018. Kindle. |
| 47. | Sen, Amartya. The Idea of Justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009. https://www. jstor.org/stable/j.ctvjnrv7n. |
| 48. | Simons, Henry. Personal Income Taxation: The Definition of Income as a Problem of Fiscal Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1955, s. 59–80. |
| 49. | Smith, Adam. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Red. Edwin Cannan. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 2012. Kindle. |
| 50. | Smith, Adam. The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Red. Ryan P. Hanley, Amartya Sen. Nowy Jork: Penguin Classics, 2009. Kindle. |
| 51. | Standing, Guy. The Precariat. The New Dangerous Class. Londyn: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011. Kindle. |
| 52. | Stiglitz, Joseph E. Globalization and Its Discontents Revisited. Anti-Globalization in the Era of Trump. Nowy Jork: Penguin Books, 2017. Kindle. |
| 53. | Stiglitz, Joseph E. People, Power, and Profits: Progressive Capitalism for an Age of Discontent. Nowy Jork: W.W. Norton & Company, 2019. Kindle. |
| 54. | Stiglitz, Joseph E. The Great Divide: Unequal Societies and What Can We Do About Them. Nowy Jork: W.W. Norton & Company, 2015. Kindle. |
| 55. | Stiglitz, Joseph E. The Price of Inequality. How Today’s Divided Society Endangers Our Future. Nowy Jork: W.W. Norton & Company, 2012. Kindle. |
| 56. | Young, Arthur. Arthur Young’s Travels in France During the Years 1787, 1788, 1789. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139207911. |
| 57. | Zucman, Gabriel. The Hidden Wealth of Nations: The Scourge of Tax Havens. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016. Kindle. |
| 58. | Rozdziały w monografiach naukowych |
| 59. | Acemoglu, Daron, David H. Autor. „Skills, Tasks and Technologies: Implications for Employment and Earnings”. W: Handbook of Labor Economics. Red. David Card, Orley Ashenfelter, s. 1043–1171. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7218(11)02410-5. |
| 60. | Atkinson, Anthony B., François Bourguignon. „Introduction: Income distribution and economics”. W: Handbook of Income Distribution. Red. Anthony B. Atkinson, François Bourguignon, s. 1–58. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2000. https://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/abs/pii/S1574005600800032. |
| 61. | Battisti, Michele, Joseph Zeira. „The Effects of Fiscal Redistribution”. W: Inequality and Growth: Patterns and Policy. Red. Kaushik Basu, Joseph E. Stiglitz, s. 201–224. Londyn: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137554543. |
| 62. | Davis, Donald R., Parchi Mishra. „Stolper-Samuelson Is Dead: And Other Crimes of Both Theory and Data”. W: Globalizaton and Poverty. Red. Ann Harrison, s. 87–108. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c0111/ c0111.pdf. |
| 63. | Glyn, A. „Functional Distribution and Inequality”. W: The Oxford Handbook of Economic Inequality. Red. Brian Nolan, Wiemer Salverda, Timothy M. Smeeding, s. 101–126. Oxford Academic, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199606061.013.0005 |
| 64. | Haig, Robert M. „The Concept of Income – Economic and Legal Aspects”. W: Forerunners of Realizable Values Accounting in Financial Reporting. Red. Murrey C. Wells, Graeme W. Dean, 140–167. Londyn: Routledge, 1982. |
| 65. | Keynes, John M. „Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren (1930)”. W: Essays in Persuasion. 358–373. Nowy Jork: Harcourt Brace, 1932, https://www.aspeninstitute.org/ wp-content/uploads/files/content/upload/Intro_and_Section_I.pdf. |
| 66. | Krugman, Paul. „Globalization: What Did We Miss?”. W: Meeting Globalization’s Challenges: Policies to Make Trade Work for All. Red. Luís A. Catão, Maurice Obstfeld, 113–120. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2019. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j. ctvh1dr13?turn_away=true. |
| 67. | Leschke, Janine. „Labour Market Developments in the Light of the Crisis and the Europe 2020 Strategy”. W: Benchmarking Working Europe 2011, s. 20–33. Bruksela: European Trade Union Institute, 2011. http://www.etui.org/Publications2/Books/. |
| 68. | OECD. „An Overview of Growing Income Inequalities in OECD Countries: Main Findings”. W: Divided We Stand: Why Inequality Keeps Rising, s. 21–84. Paryż: OECD Publishing, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264119536-3-en. |
| 69. | Samson, William D. „History of Taxation”. W: International Taxation System. Red. Andrew Lymer, John Hasseldine, s. 21–41. Nowy Jork: Springer New York, 2002. https://link. springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4615-1071-0. |
| 70. | Seelkopf, Laura, Hanna Lierse. „Taxation and Inequality: How Tax Competition Has Changed the Redistributive Capacity of Nation-States in the OECD”. W: Welfare State Transformations and Inequality in OECD Countries. Red. Melike Wulfgramm, Tonia Bieber, Stephan Leibfried, s. 89–109. Londyn: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. https://doi. org/10.1057/978-1-137-51184-3_5. |
| 71. | Sen, Amartya. „Equality of What?”. W: Tanner Lectures on Human Values, Volume 1. Red. Sterling M. McMurrin, s. 196–220. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980. https://scholar.harvard.edu/sen/publications/equality-what. |
| 72. | Sen, Amartya. „The Perspective of Freedom”. W: Development as freedom. Red. Amartya Sen. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. Kindle. |
| 73. | Stewart, Frances. „Horizontal Inequalities: A Neglected Dimension of Development”. W: Wider Perspectives on Global Development. Red. Anthony B. Atkinson, s. 101–135. Londyn: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230501850_5. |
| 74. | Weir, D.R. „Malthus’s Theory of Population. The World of Economics”. W: The World of Economics. Red. J. Eatwell, M. Milgate, P. Newmans, s. 401–406. Londyn: Palgrave Macmillan London, 1991. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-21315-3_52. |
| 75. | Artykuły naukowe |
| 76. | Aiyar, Shekhar, Christian Ebeke. „Inequality of opportunity, inequality of income and economic growth”. IMF Working Paper 34 (2019): s. 1–22. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/ WP/Issues/2019/02/15/Inequality-of-Opportunity-Inequality-of-Incomeand- Economic-Growth-46566. |
| 77. | Allen, Robert C. „The Rise and Decline of the Soviet Economy”. The Canadian Journal of Economics / Revue Canadienne D’Economique 34 (2001), nr 4: s. 859–881. https:// www.jstor.org/stable/3131928. |
| 78. | Alvaredo, Facundo, Anthony Atkinson, Lucas Chancel, Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, Gabriel Zucman. „Distributional National Accounts (DINA) Guidelines: Concepts and Methods used in WID.world”. WID.world Working Paper 1 (2016): s. 9–16, http:// www.piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/Alvaredoetal2016WIDworld.pdf. |
| 79. | Alvaredo, Facundo, Anthony B. Atkinson, Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez. „The Top 1 Percent in International and Historical Perspective”. Journal of Economic Perspectives 27 (2013), nr 3: s. 3–20. https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.27.3.3. |
| 80. | Alvaredo, Facundo, Lucas Chancel, Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, Gabriel Zucman. „The Elephant Curve of Global Inequality and Growth”. AEA Papers and Proceedings 108 (2018): s. 103–108. https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pandp.20181073. |
| 81. | Asen, Elke. „Corporate Tax Rates around the World, 2020”. Fiscal Fact (2020), nr 735: s. 2–18. https://files.taxfoundation.org/20201208152358/2020-Corporate-Tax-Rates- -around-the-World.pdf. |
| 82. | Atkinson, Anthony B. „Pareto and the Upper Tail of the Income Distribution in the UK: 1799 to the Present”. Economica 84 (2016), nr 334: s. 129–156. https://onlinelibrary. wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ecca.12214. |
| 83. | Autor, David H., David Dorn, Gordon H. Hanson. „The China Shock: Learning from Labor-Market Adjustment to Large Changes in Trade”. Annual Review of Economics 8 (2016): s. 205–240. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-080315-015041. |
| 84. | Autor, David H., David Dorn, Gordon H. Hanson. „The China syndrome: local labor market effects of import competition in the United States”. American Economics Review 103 (2013), nr 6: s. 2121–2168. https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.103.6.2121. |
| 85. | Autor, David H., David Dorn. „The Growth of Low-Skill Service Jobs and the Polarization of the US Labor Market”. American Economic Review 103 (2013), nr 5: s. 1553–1597. https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.103.5.1553. |
| 86. | Balestra, Carlotta, Richard Tonkin. „Inequalities in household wealth across OECD countries: Evidence from the OECD Wealth Distribution Database”. OECD Statistics Working Papers 1 (2018): s. 10–33. https://doi.org/10.1787/7e1bf673-en. |
| 87. | Ball, Laurence, Davide Furceri, Daniel Leigh, Prakash Loungani. „The Distributional Effects of Fiscal Consolidation?”. IMF Working Paper 151 (2013): s. 4–11. https://www. imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/31/The-Distributional-Effects-of-Fiscal- Consolidation-40699. |
| 88. | Berg, Andrew G., Jonathan D. Ostry. „Inequality and Unsustainable Growth: Two Sides of the Same Coin?”. IMF Economic Review 65 (2017), nr 4: s. 792–815. https://link. springer.com/article/10.1057/s41308-017-0030-8. |
| 89. | Bittker, Boris I. „A ‘Comprehensive Tax Base’ as a Goal of Income Tax Reform”. Harvard Law Review 80 (1967), nr 5: s. 925–985. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1339337. |
| 90. | Blanchet, Thomas, Bertrand Garbinti, Jonathan Goupille-Lebret, Clara Martínez-Toledano. „Applying Generalized Pareto Curves to Inequality Analysis”. AEA Papers and Proceedings 108 (2018): s. 114–118. https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pandp.20181075. |
| 91. | Blanchet, Thomas, Juliette Fournier, Thomas Piketty. „Generalized Pareto Curves: Theory and Applications”. Review of Income and Wealth 68 (2021), nr 1: s. 263–288. https:// onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/roiw.12510. |
| 92. | Blotevogel, Robert, Eslem Imamoglu, Kenji Moriyama, Babacar Sarr. „Measuring Income Inequality and Implications for Economic Transmission Channels”. IMF Working Paper 164 (2020): s. 1–41. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2020/08/14/Measuring- Income-Inequality-and-Implications-for-Economic-Transmission-Channels-49645. |
| 93. | Bosmans, Kristof, Z. Emel Öztürk. „Equality and responsibility: ex ante and ex post redistribution mechanisms”. Economic Theory 73 (2022): s. 947–975. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00199-020-01334-5. |
| 94. | Brooks, John R. „The Definitions of Income”. Tax Law Review 71 (2018): s. 253–309. https:// papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2928972. |
| 95. | Brooks, Kim. „Delimiting the Concept of Income: The Taxation of In-Kind Benefits”. McGill Law Journal 49 (2004), nr 2: s. 257–302. https://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/article/ delimiting-the-concept-of-income-the-taxation-of-in-kind-benefits/. |
| 96. | Brownlee, Jason. „Hereditary Succession in Modern Autocracies”. World Politics 59 (2007), nr 4: s. 595–628. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40060174. |
| 97. | Buchmueller, Thomas C., Alan C. Monheit. „Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance and the Promise of Health Insurance Reform”. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 46 (2009), nr 2: s. 187–202. https://journals. sagepub.com/doi/10.5034/inquiryjrnl_46.02.187. |
| 98. | Burden, Barry C., Rochelle Snyder. „Explaining Uncontested Seats in Congress and State Legislatures”. American Politics Research 49 (2020), nr 3: s. 247–258. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/1532673X20960565. |
| 99. | Burtless, Gary, Sveta Milusheva. „Effects of employer-sponsored health insurance costs on Social Security taxable wages”. Social Security Bulletin 73 (2013), nr 1: s. 83–108. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23687744/. |
| 100. | Cammenga, Janelle. „State and Local Sales Tax Rates, 2021”. Fiscal Fact (2021), nr 737: s. 2–7. https://files.taxfoundation.org/20210106094117/State-and-Local-Sales-Tax-Rates-2021. pdf. |
| 101. | Canry, Nicolas. „Why and How Schould Human Capital be Measured in National Accounts?”. Economics and Statistics (2020), nr 517-518-519: s. 61–79. https://ideas.repec.org/a/nse/ ecosta/ecostat_2020_517t_5.html. |
| 102. | Carsten, Jensen, Bjarke B. Jespersen. „To Have or Not To Have: Effects of Economic Inequality on Turnout in European Democracies”. Electoral Studies 45 (2017): s. 24–28. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.electstud.2016.11.009. |
| 103. | Causa, Oreseta, James Browne, Anna Vindics. „Income Redistribution Across OECD Countries: Main Findings And Policy Implications”. OECD Economic Policy Papers 23 (2018): s. 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1787/3b63e61c-en. |
| 104. | Causa, Orsetta, Mikkel Hermansen. „Income redistribution through taxes and transfers across OECD countries”. OECD Economics Department Working Papers (2017), nr 1453: s. 10–65. https://doi.org/10.1787/bc7569c6-en. |
| 105. | Cerdeiro, Diego, Andras Komaromi. „The Effect of Trade on Income and Inequality: A Cross- -Sectional Approach”. IMF Working Paper 231 (2017): s. 1–35. https://www.imf.org/en/ Publications/WP/Issues/2017/11/07/Trade-and-Income-in-the-Long-Run-Are-There- Really-Gains-and-Are-They-Widely-Shared-45341. |
| 106. | Ceriani, Lidia, Paolo Verme. „The origins of the Gini index: extracts from Variabilità e Mutabilità (1912) by Corrado Gini”. The Journal of Economic Inequality 10 (2012): s. 421–443. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10888-011-9188-x. |
| 107. | Chancel, Lucas, Richard Clarke, Amory Gethin. „World Inequality Report 2018. Technical Notes for Figures and Tables”. WID.world Technical Notes 8 (2017): s. 9. https://wid. world/static/technical-notes-for-figures-and-tables.pdf. |
| 108. | Chancel, Lucas, Thomas Piketty. „Indian Income Inequality, 1922–2015: From British Raj to Billionaire Raj?”. Review of Income and Wealth 65 (2019), nr S1: s. 533–562. https:// onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/roiw.12439. |
| 109. | Cho, Hyungsun Ch., Miguel D. Ramirez. „Foreign Direct Investment and Income Inequality in Southeast Asia: a Panel Unit Root and Panel Cointegration Analysis, 1990–2013”. Atlantic Economic Journal 44 (2016): s. 411–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11293-016-9521-7. |
| 110. | Christophers, Brett. „A tale of two inequalities: Housing-wealth inequality and tenure inequality”. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 53 (2019), nr 3: s. 573–594. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X19876946. |
| 111. | Claessens, Stijn, Enrico Perotti. „Finance and Inequality: Channels and Evidence”. Journal of Comparative Economics 35 (2007), nr 4: s. 748–773. https://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/S0147596707000534. |
| 112. | Clausing, Kimberly A., Emmanuel Saez, Gabriel Zucman. „Ending Corporate Tax Avoidance and Tax Competition: A Plan to Collect the Tax Deficit of Multinationals”. Law and Economics Research Paper Series (2021), nr 12: s. 1–20. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3655850. |
| 113. | Crocker, David A. „Functioning and Capability: The Foundations of Sen’s and Nussbaum’s Development Ethic”. Political Theory 20 (1992), nr 4: s. 584–612. http://www.jstor.org/ stable/191970. |
| 114. | Dabla-Norris, Era, Yan Ji, Robert M. Townsend, D. Filiz Unsal. „Distinguishing Constraints of Financial Inclusion and Their Impact on GDP and Inequality”. NBER Working Paper (2019), nr 20821: s. 1–38. http://www.nber.org/papers/w20821. |
| 115. | Dachs, Bernhard. „The Impact of New Technologies on The Labour Market and The Social Economy”. MPRA Paper 90519 (2017): s. 7–27. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/90519/. Doerrenberg, Philipp, Andreas Peichl. „The Impact of Redistributive Policies on Inequality in OECD Countries”. Applied Economics 46 (2014), nr 17: s. 2066–2086. https://doi.org /10.1080/00036846.2014.892202. |
| 116. | Elsässer, Lea, Svenja Hence, Armin Schäfer. „Not Just Money: Unequal Responsiveness in Egalitarian Democracies”. Journal of European Public Policy 28 (2021), nr 12: s. 1890– 1908. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2020.1801804. |
| 117. | Figini, Paolo, Holger Görg. „Does Foreign Direct Investment Affect Wage Inequality? An Empirical Investigation”. The World Economy 34 (2011): s. 1455–1475. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01397.x. |
| 118. | Fisher, Irving. „What is Capital?”. The Economic Journal 6 (1896), nr 24: s. 509–534. https:// academic.oup.com/ej/article-abstract/6/24/509/5302676. |
| 119. | Fleckenstein, Timo, Soohyun Christine Lee. „Democratization, Post-Industrialization, and East Asian Welfare Capitalism: the Politics of Welfare State Reform in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan”. Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy 33 (2017), nr 1: s. 36–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/21699763.2017.1288158. |
| 120. | Foster, James E. „An axiomatic characterization of the Theil measure of income inequality”. Journal of Economic Theory 31 (2006): s. 105–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/ 0022-0531(83)90023-6. |
| 121. | Francese, Maura, Carlos Mulas-Granados. „Functional Income Distribution and Its Role in Explaining Inequality”. IMF Working Papers 244 (2015): s. 2–33. https://www.imf. org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2015/wp15244.pdf. |
| 122. | Frey, Carl B., Michael A. Osborne. „The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerization?”. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 114 (2017): 254–280. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040162516302244. |
| 123. | Gallup, John L. „Is There a Kuznets Curve?”. Portland State University (2012): s. 575–603. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=930449faf0e0f8a- 362de9af5229e5fb75651350b. |
| 124. | Gerber, Claudia, Alexander D. Klemm, Li Liu, Victor Mylonas. „Personal Income Tax Progressivity: Trends and Implications”. IMF Working Paper (2018), nr 246: s. 1–24. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484383087.001. |
| 125. | Goldfarb, Robert S., Thomas C. Leonard. „Inequality of What among Whom: Rival Conceptions of Distribution in the 20th Century”. Research in The History of Economic Thought and Methodology 23 (2005), nr 1: s. 75–118. https://www.princeton.edu/~tleonard/ papers/inequality.pdf. |
| 126. | Greenstein, Joshua. „The Precariat Class Structure and Income Inequality among US Workers: 1980–2018”. Review of Radical Political Economics 52 (2020), nr 3: s. 447–469. https:// doi.org/10.1177/0486613420919250. |
| 127. | Hyde, Jody S., April Y. Wu, Lakhpreet Gill. „The Benefit Receipt Patterns and Labor Market Experiences of Older Workers Who Were Denied Social Security Disability Insurance Benefits on the Basis of Work Capacity”. Social Security Bulletin 80 (2020), nr 2: s. 25–48. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3598226. |
| 128. | International Labour Organization. Non-Standard Employment Around The World: Understanding Challenges, Shaping Prospects. Geneva: International Labour Organization, 2016. https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_534326/lang—en/index.htm. |
| 129. | Jacobson, Tom, Leanne Chang. „Sen’s Capabilities Approach and the Measurement of Communication Outcomes”. Journal of Information Policy 9 (2019): s. 111–131. https://doi. org/10.5325/jinfopoli.9.2019.0111. |
| 130. | Jann, Ben. „Assessing inequality using percentile shares”. The Stata Journal 16 (2016), nr 2: s. 264–275. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X1601600202 |
| 131. | Jensen, Hans E. „John Stuart Mill’s Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution”. Review of Social Economy 59 (2001), nr 4: s. 491–507. http://www.jstor.org/stable/29770133. Jestl, Stefan, Emanuel List. „Distributional National Accounts (DINA) for Austria, 2004– 2016”. WID Working Paper 23 (2020): s. 2–7. https://wid.world/document/distributionalnational- accounts-dina-for-austria-2004-2016-world- inequality-lab-wp-2020-23/. |
| 132. | Joumard, Isabelle, Mauro Pisu, Debbie Bloch. „Tackling income inequality: The role of taxes and transfers”. OECD Journal: Economic Studies 1 (2012): s. 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1787/ eco_studies-2012-5k95xd6l65lt. |
| 133. | Kaldor, Nicholas. „A Model of Economic Growth”. The Economic Journal 67 (1957), nr 268: s. 591–624. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2227704. |
| 134. | Karnia, Krystian. „China’s Capitalism”. Warsaw Forum of Economic Sociology 3 (2012), nr 5: s. 84–113. https://sslkolegia.sgh.waw.pl/pl/KES/struktura/IFSISE/Documents/3. Krystian_Karnia,_China%27s_Capitalism.pdf. |
| 135. | Klein, Philip A. „Changing Perspectives on the Factors of Production”. Journal of Economic Issues 22 (1988), nr 3: s. 795–809. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4226038. |
| 136. | Krugman, Paul. „Technology, Trade and Factor Prices”. Journal of International Economics 50 (2000), nr 1: s. 51–71. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/ S0022199699000161. |
| 137. | Kuznets, Simon. „Economic Growth and Income Inequality”. American Economic Review 45 (1955), nr 1: s. 1–28. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1811581. |
| 138. | Lakner, Christoph, Branko Milanovic. „Global Income Distribution: From the Fall of the Berlin Wall to the Great Recession”. The World Bank Economic Review 30 (2016), nr 2: s. 203–232. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29118. |
| 139. | Lang, Valentin F., Marina Mendes Tavares. „The Distribution of Gains form Globalization”. IMF Working Paper 54 (2018): s. 1–65. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/ Issues/2018/03/13/The-Distribution-of-Gains-from-Globalization-45722. |
| 140. | Lee, Neil, Andrés Rodríguez-Pose. „Entrepreneurship and the fight against poverty in US cities”. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 53 (2021), nr 1: s. 31–52. https:// journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0308518X20924422. |
| 141. | Lefranc, Arnaud, Nicolas Pistolesi, Alain Trannoy. „Inequality of Opportunities vs. inequality of outcomes: Are Western Societies All Alike?”. The Review of Income and Wealth 54 (2008), nr 4: 513–546. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.2008.00289.x. |
| 142. | Lorenz, Max O. „Methods of Measuring the Concentration of Wealth”. Publications of the American Statistical Association 9 (1905), nr 70: s. 209–219. https://www.jstor. org/stable/2276207. |
| 143. | Mattauch, Linus, David Klenert, Joseph E. Stiglitz, Ottmar Edenhofer. „Overcoming Wealth Inequality by Capital Taxes that Finance Public Investment”. NBER Working Papers (2018), nr 25126: s. 27–28. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w25126/ w25126.pdf. |
| 144. | McGregor, Thomas, Brock Smith, Samuel Wills. „Measuring inequality”. Oxford Review of Economic Policy 35 (2019), nr 3: s. 368–395. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grz015. |
| 145. | Milanovic, Branko. „The median voter hypothesis, income inequality, and income redistribution: an empirical test with the required data”. European Journal of Political Economy 16 (2000), nr 3: s. 367–410. |
| 146. | Munch, Jakob R., Jan R. Skaksen. „Human Capital and Wages in Exporting Firms”. Journal of International Economics 75 (2008): s. 363–372. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/abs/pii/S0022199608000317. |
| 147. | Neves Costa, Rita, Sébastien Pérez-Duarte. „Not all inequality measures were created equal”. Statistics Paper Series 31 (2019): s. 10–33. https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpsps/ ecb.sps31~269c917f9f.en.pdf. |
| 148. | Norris, Pippa. „Choosing Electoral Systems: Proportional, Majoritarian and Mixed Systems”. International Political Science Review / Revue Internationale De Science Politique 18 (1997), nr 3: s. 297–312. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1601345. |
| 149. | Pascoal, Rui, Humberto Rocha. „Inequality measures for wealth distribution: Population vs individuals’ perspective”. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 492 (2018): s. 1317–1326. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/ S037843711731141X. |
| 150. | Persky, Joseph. „Retrospectives: Pareto’s Law”. The Journal of Economic Perspectives 6 (1992), nr 2: s. 181–192. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2138416. |
| 151. | Piketty, Thomas, Gabriel Zucman. „Capital is Back: Wealth-Income Ratios in Rich Countries 1700–2010”. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 129 (2014), nr 3: s. 1282–1285. https:// doi.org/10.1093/qje/qju018. |
| 152. | Piketty, Thomas, Emmanuel Saez, Gabriel Zucman. „Distributional National Accounts: Methods and Estimates for the United States”. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 133 (2018), nr 2: s. 553–609. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjx043. |
| 153. | Piketty, Thomas, Emmanuel Saez. „Income Inequality in the United States, 1913– 1998”. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 118 (2003), nr 1: s. 1–39. https://eml.berkeley. edu/~saez/pikettyqje.pdf. |
| 154. | Piketty, Thomas, Li Yang, Gabriel Zucman. „Capital Accumulation, Private Property and Rising Inequality in China, 1978–2015”. American Economic Review 109 (2019), nr 7: s. 2469–2496. https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.20170973. |
| 155. | Ravallion, Martin. „Inequality and Globalization: A Review Essay”. Journal of Economic Literature 56 (2018), nr 2: s. 620–642. https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/ jel.20171419 |
| 156. | Ray, Devdatta, Mikael Linden. „Health, Inequality and Income: A Global Study Using Simultaneous Model”. Journal of Economic Structures 7 (2018), nr 22: s. 2–28. https:// doi.org/10.1186/s40008-018-0121-3. |
| 157. | Roemer, John E., Alain Trannoy. „Equality of Opportunity: Theory and Measurement”. Journal of Economic Literature 54 (2015), nr 4: s. 1288–1332. https://www.aeaweb.org/ articles?id=10.1257/jel.20151206. |
| 158. | Saez, Emmanuel, Gabriel Zucman. „Progressive Wealth Taxation”. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (2019), nr 2: s. 437–533. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/764710. |
| 159. | Saez, Emmanuel, Gabriel Zucman. „The Rise of Income and Wealth Inequality in America: Evidence from Distributional Macroeconomic Accounts”. Journal of Economic Perspectives 34 (2020), nr 4: s. 3–26. https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.34.4.3. |
| 160. | Saez, Emmanuel, Gabriel Zucman. „Wealth Inequality in the United States since 1913: Evidence from Capitalized Income Tax Data”. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 131 (2016), nr 2: s. 519–578. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjw004. |
| 161. | Schanz, Georg von. „Der Einkommensbegriff und die Einkommensteuergesetze”. Public Finance Analysis 13 (1896), nr 1: 13–87. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40904651. |
| 162. | Shepherd, Dean A., Vinit Parida, Joakim Wincent. „Entrepreneurship and Poverty Alleviation: The Importance of Health and Children’s Education for Slum Entrepreneurs”. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 45 (2021), nr 2: s. 350–385. https://journals. sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1042258719900774. |
| 163. | Shin, Geiguen. „The Lesson from the Modern American Federalism: A Challenge to Effective Public Policy Performance”. Perspectives on Federalism 10 (2018), nr 2: s. 302–314. http:// archive.sciendo.com/POF/pof.2018.10.issue-2/pof-2018-0027/pof-2018-0027.pdf. |
| 164. | Sitthiyot, Thitithep, Kanyarat Holasut. „A simple method for measuring inequality”. Palgrave Communications 6 (2020): s. 1–9, www.nature.com/articles/s41599-020-0484-6#ref-CR20. |
| 165. | Solow, Robert. „A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth”. Quarterly Journal of Economics 70 (1956), nr 1: s. 65–94. http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/Solow1956.pdf. |
| 166. | Spitz-Oener, Alexandra. „Technical Change, Job Tasks, and Rising Educational Demands: Looking outside the Wage Structure”. Journal of Labor Economics 24 (2006), nr 2: s. 235–270. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/499972. |
| 167. | Stiglitz, Joseph. „New Theoretical Perspectives on the Distribution of Income and Wealth among Individuals”. NBER Working Paper (2015), nr 21192: s. 1–36. https://www.nber. org/system/files/working_papers/w21192/w21192.pdf. |
| 168. | Stiglitz, Joseph E., Martin M. Guzman. „Economic Fluctuations and Pseudo-Wealth”. Industrial and Corporate Change 30 (2021), nr 2: s. 297–315. https://www.nber.org/ papers/w28415. |
| 169. | Stolper, Wolfgang F., Paul A. Samuelson. „Protection and Real Wages”. The Review of Economic Studies 9 (1941), nr 1: s. 58–73. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2967638. |
| 170. | Strauss, David A. „Corruption, Equality, and Campaign Finance Reform”. Columbia Law Review 94 (1994), nr 4: s. 1369–1389. https://doi.org/10.2307/1123287. |
| 171. | Subramanian, Arvind, Martin Kessler. „The Hyperglobalization of Trade and its Future”. Peterson Institute for International Economics Working Paper 6 (2013): s. 1–66. https:// ssrn.com/abstract=2297994. |
| 172. | Sun, Peng, Almas Heshmati. „International Trade and Its Effects on Economic Growth in China”. China Economic Policy Review 1 (2012), nr 2: 35–60. http://ftp.iza.org/ dp5151.pdf. |
| 173. | Theil, Henri. „The development of international inequality 1960–1985”. Journal of Econometrics 42 (1989), nr 1: s. 145–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(89)90082-1. |
| 174. | Tobin, James. „Fisher’s ‘The Nature of Capital and Income’”. American Journal of Economics and Sociology 64 (2005), nr 1: s. 207–214. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3488127. |
| 175. | Topalova, Petia. „Factor Immobility and Regional Impacts of Trade Liberalization: Evidence on Poverty from India”. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2 (2010), nr 4: s. 1–41. https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/app.2.4.1. |
| 176. | Trapeznikova, Ija. „Measuring income inequality: Summary measures of inequality differ from one another and give different pictures of the evolution of economic inequality over time”. IZA World of Labor 462 (2019): s. 1–12. https://wol.iza.org/uploads/articles/495/ pdfs/measuring-income-inequality.pdf?v=1. |
| 177. | Weide, Roy van der, Branko Milanovic. „Inequality is Bad for Growth of the Poor (but Not for That of the Rich)”. The World Bank Economic Review 32 (2018), nr 3: s. 507–530. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhy023. |
| 178. | Wolff, Daisy De, Ben Kremnitzer, Samara Perlman, Gabriella Weick. „Selecting Representative and Qualified Candidates for President: Proposals to Reform Presidential Primaries”. Faculty Scholarship (2021), nr 1114: s. 1–33. https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ faculty_scholarship/1114/. |
| 179. | Wolff, Edward N. „The declining wealth of the middle class, 1983–2016”. Contemporary Economic Policy 39 (2021), nr 3: s. 461–478. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ coep.12513. |
| 180. | Wright, Gerald C., Elizabeth Rigby. „Income Inequality and State Parties: Who Gets Represented?”. State Politics & Policy Quarterly 20 (2020), nr 4: s. 395–415. https://doi. org/10.1177/1532440020912461. |
| 181. | Xu, Bin, Sohail S. Chaudhry, Yanfang Li. „Factors of Production: Historical Theories and New Developments”. Systems Research and Behavioral Science 26 (2009), nr 2: s. 219–224. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/sres.972. |
| 182. | Zhang, Ruixin, Sami Ben Naceur. „Financial Development, Inequality, and Poverty: Some International Evidence”. International Review of Economics & Finance 61 (2019): s. 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2018.12.015. |
| 183. | Raporty |
| 184. | Alvaredo, Facundo, Anthony B. Atkinson, Thomas Blanchet, Lucas Chancel, Luis E. Bauluz, Distributional National Accounts Guidelines: Methods and Concepts Used in the World Inequality Database. World Inequality Lab, 2021. https://hal.science/hal-03307584/ document. |
| 185. | Chancel, Lucas, Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, Gabriel Zucman. World Inequality Report 2022. World Inequality Lab, 2021. https://wir2022.wid.world/wwwsite/uploads/2022/01/ Summary_WorldInequalityReport2022_English.pdf. |
| 186. | Data Production and Analysis Unit, ILO Department of Statistics. The Global Labour Income Share and Distribution. International Labour Office, 2019. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/ groups/public/dgreports/stat/documents/publication/wcms_712232.pdf. |
| 187. | Economic Policy Institute. The $33 billion hidden tax in the American Health Care Act – higher deductibles and copays. Waszyngton: Economic Policy Institute, 2017. https:// files.epi.org/pdf/124460.pdf. |
| 188. | Hungerford, Thomas L. Changes in Income Inequality among U.S. Tax Filers between 1991 and 2006: The Role of Wages, Capital Income, and Taxes. Waszyngton: Congressional Research Service, 2011. https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R42131.pdf. |
| 189. | IMF Fiscal Affairs Department. IMF Policy Paper: Fiscal Policy And Income Inequality. Waszyngton: IMF, 2014. https://www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2014/012314.pdf. |
| 190. | International Labour Organization, OECD. The Labour Share in G20 Economies. Antalya: International Labour Organization, 2015. https://www.oecd.org/g20/topics/employment- and-social-policy/The-Labour-Share-in-G20-Economies.pdf. |
| 191. | International Labour Organization. Income inequality and labour income share in G20 countries: Trends, Impacts and Causes. Intarnational Labour Organization, 2015. https:// www.oecd.org/g20/topics/employment-and-social-policy/Income-inequality-labour- -income-share.pdf. |
| 192. | Morrissey, Monique. The State of American Retirement. How 401(k)s have failed most American workers. Waszyngton: Economic Policy Institute, 2016. https://www.epi.org/ publication/retirement-in-america/#chart1. |
| 193. | OECD. Government at a Glance 2019. Paryż: OECD Publishing, 2019. https://doi. org/10.1787/8ccf5c38-en. |
| 194. | OECD. In It Together: Why Less Inequality Benefits All. Paryż: OECD Publishing, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264235120-en. |
| 195. | OECD. Inheritance Taxation in OECD Countries. Paryż: OECD Publishing, 2021. https:// doi.org/10.1787/e2879a7d-en. |
| 196. | OECD. OECD Employment Outlook 2019: The Future of Work. Paryż: OECD Publishing, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1787/9ee00155-en. |
| 197. | OECD. Preventing Policy Capture: Integrity in Public Decision Making. Paryż: OECD Publishing, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264065239-en. |
| 198. | OECD. Society at a Glance 2019: OECD Social Indicators. Paryż: OECD Publishing, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1787/soc_glance-2019-en. |
| 199. | OECD. The Role and Design of Net Wealth Taxes in the OECD. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264290303-en. |
| 200. | Open Government Partnership, Institute For Democracy and Electoral Assistance. Political Finance Transparency. Institute For Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2019. https:// www.idea.int/publications/catalogue/political-finance-transparency. |
| 201. | Pew Research Center. Beyond Distrust: How Americans View Their Government. Pew Research Center, 2015. https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2015/11/23/beyonddistrust- how-americans-view-their-government/. |
| 202. | Romig, Kathleen. What the 2022 Trustees’ Report Shows About Social Security. Waszyngton: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 2022. https://www.cbpp.org/sites/default/ files/6-9-22socsec.pdf. |
| 203. | Scott, Robert E., Zane Mokhiber. Growing China trade deficit cost 3.7 million American jobs between 2001 and 2018: Jobs lost in every U.S. state and congressional district. Waszyngton: Economic Policy Institute, 2020. https://www.epi.org/publication/ growing-china-trade-deficits-costs-us-jobs/. |
| 204. | United Nations, European Commission, IMF, OECD, World Bank. System of National Accounts 2008. Nowy Jork: United Nations Statistics Division, 2009. https://unstats. un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/docs/SNA2008.pdf. |
| 205. | Artykuły prasowe |
| 206. | Fritts, Janelle. „How High Are Property Taxes in Your State?”. Tax Foundation, 7.07.2021. Dostęp: 26.02.2023. https://taxfoundation.org/high-state-property-taxes-2021/. |
| 207. | Kiel, Paul, Ash Ngu, Jesse Eisinger, Jeff Ernsthausen. „America’s Highest Earners And Their Taxes Revealed”. ProPublica. Dostęp: 28.02.2023. https://projects.propublica.org/ americas-highest-incomes-and-taxes-revealed/. |
| 208. | Morris, Ian. „To Each Age Its Inequality”. The New York Times. Dostęp: 9.07.2015. https:// www.nytimes.com/2015/07/10/opinion/to-each-age-its-inequality.html. |
| 209. | Strony internetowe |
| 210. | Barry, Christian. „Redistribution”. W: The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Red. Edward N. Zalta, s. 1–10. Stanford: Metaphysics Research Lab, 2018. https://leibniz.stanford. edu/friends/preview/redistribution/. |
| 211. | Bertram, Christopher. „Jean Jacques Rousseau”. W: The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Red. Edward N. Zalta, s. 1–10. Stanford: Metaphysics Research Lab, 2020. https://leibniz. stanford.edu/friends/preview/rousseau/. |
| 212. | Cornell Law School. „Sales tax”. Dostęp: 26.02.2023. https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/ sales_tax. |
| 213. | Eurostat. „Non-profit institutions serving households”. Dostęp: 26.02.2023. https://ec.europa. eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Non-profit_institutions_ serving_households. |
| 214. | Internal Revenue Service. „Data on the 400 Individual Income Tax Returns Reporting the Largest Adjusted Gross Incomes”. Dostęp: 26.02.2023. https://www.irs.gov/statistics/ soi-tax-stats-top-400-individual-income-tax-returns-with-the-largest-adjusted-gross- -incomes. |
| 215. | Internal Revenue Service. „Estate Tax”. Dostęp: 26.02.2023. https://www.irs.gov/businesses/ small-businesses-self-employed/estate-tax. |
| 216. | Internal Revenue Service. „Political Organization Filing and Disclosure”. Dostęp: 27.02.2023. https://www.irs.gov/charities-non-profits/political-organizations/politicalorganization- filing-and-disclosure. |
| 217. | Internal Revenue Service. „Publication 525: Taxable and Nontaxable Income”. Dostęp: 26.02.2023. https://www.irs.gov/publications/p525. |
| 218. | Internal Revenue Service. „Understanding Employment Taxes”. Dostęp: 26.02.2023. https:// www.irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/understanding-employmenttaxes. |
| 219. | Internal Revenue Service. „What’s New – Estate and Gift Tax”. Dostęp: 26.02.2023. https:// www.irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/whats-new-estate-and-gift-tax. |
| 220. | Macleod, Christopher. „John Stuart Mill”. W: The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Red. Edward N. Zalta, s. 1–10. Stanford: Metaphysics Research Lab, 2020. https://leibniz. stanford.edu/friends/preview/mill/. |
| 221. | Medicare.gov. „Medicaid”. Dostęp: 26.02.2023. https://www.medicaid.gov/medicaid/index. html. |
| 222. | Medicare.gov. „What’s Medicare?”. Dostęp: 26.02.2023. https://www.medicare.gov/whatmedicare- covers/your-medicare-coverage-choices/whats-medicare. |
| 223. | OECD iLibrary. „Income inequality (indicator)”. Dostęp: 25.02.2023. https://doi.org/ 10.1787/459aa7f1-en. |
| 224. | OECD stat. „Social Expenditure – Aggregated Data”. Dostęp: 25.02.2023. https://stats.oecd. org/Index.aspx?datasetcode=SOCX_AGG. |
| 225. | OECD. „Income Inequality”. Dostęp: 21.02.2023. https://data.oecd.org/inequality/income- -inequality.htm (dostęp: 21.02.2023). |
| 226. | OECD. „Income inequality”. Dostęp: 27.02.2023. https://data.oecd.org/inequality/income- -inequality.htm (dostęp: 27.02.2023). |
| 227. | OECD. „OECD Income Distribution Database (IDD): Gini, poverty, income, Methods and Concepts”. Dostęp: 12.02.2023. https://www.oecd.org/social/income-distribution- -database.htm. |
| 228. | OECD. „Social Expenditure: Aggregated data”. Dostęp: 28.02.2023. https://doi.org/10.1787/ data-00166-en. |
| 229. | Social Security Administration. „Contribution and Benefit Base”. Dostęp: 26.02.2023. https:// www.ssa.gov/oact/cola/cbb.html. |
| 230. | Social Security Administration. „What Are FICA and SECA Taxes?”. Dostęp: 26.02.2023. https://faq.ssa.gov/en-us/Topic/article/KA-02375. |
| 231. | Stewart, Duncan. „Thomas Hobbes”. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Red. Edward N. Zalta, s. 1–10. Stanford: Metaphysics Research Lab, 2020. https://leibniz.stanford. edu/friends/preview/hobbes/. |
| 232. | Tax Policy Center. „Historical Highest Marginal Income Tax Rates”. Dostęp: 22.02.2023. https://www.taxpolicycenter.org/statistics/historical-highest-marginal-income-tax-rates. |
| 233. | Tax Policy Center. „How do state estate and inheritance taxes work?”. Dostęp: 26.02.2023. https://www.taxpolicycenter.org/briefing-book/how-do-state-estate-and-inheritancetaxes- work. |
| 234. | Tax Policy Center. „OECD Historical Top Marginal Personal Income Tax Rates”. Dostęp: 22.02.2023. https://www.taxpolicycenter.org/statistics/oecd-historical-top-marginalpersonal- income-tax-rates. |
| 235. | The Cook Political Report. Wasserman, David, Ally Flinn. „Introducing the 2017 Cook Political Report Partisan Voter Index”. Dostęp: 27.02.2023. https://www.cookpolitical. com/introducing-2017-cook-political-report-partisan-voter-index. |
| 236. | The Electoral Knowledge Network ACE. „Legal Framework”. Dostęp: 23.02.2023. https:// aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/lf/lfa/lfa03/default. |
| 237. | The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. „Table of integrated economic account (TIEA)”. Dostęp: 26.02.2023. https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/6439451? sommaire=6439453#documentation-sommaire. |
| 238. | The United States Census Bureau. „Income Inequality”. Dostęp: 21.02.2023. https://www. census.gov/topics/income-poverty/income-inequality.html. |
| 239. | The United States Senate. „The Constitution of the United States”. Dostęp: 26.02.2023. https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm. |
| 240. | The United States Social Security Administration. „Disability Insurance Trust Fund”. Dostęp: 26.02.2023. https://www.ssa.gov/oact/progdata/describedi.html. |
| 241. | The United States Social Security Administration. „Income Taxes And Your Social Security Benefit”. Dostęp: 26.02.2023. https://www.ssa.gov/benefits/retirement/planner/taxes. html. |
| 242. | The United States Social Security Administration. „Legislative History: 1935 Social Security Act”. Dostęp: 26.02.2023. https://www.ssa.gov/history/35actinx.html. |
| 243. | The United States Social Security Administration. „Old-Age & Survivors Insurance Trust Fund”. Dostęp: 26.02.2023. https://www.ssa.gov/oact/progdata/describeoasi.html. |
| 244. | The World Bank. „GDP deflator – United States”. Dostęp: 26.02.2023. https://data.worldbank. org/indicator/NY.GDP.DEFL.ZS?locations=US. |
| 245. | United Nations. „United Nations Member States”. Dostęp: 23.02.2023. https://www.un.org/ about-us/member-states. |
| 246. | Urban Institute. „Public Welfare Expenditures”. Dostęp: 28.02.2023. https://www.urban. org/policy-centers/cross-center-initiatives/state-and-local-finance-initiative/stateand- local-backgrounders/public-welfare-expenditures. |
| 247. | Urban Institute. „State and local Revenues”. Dostęp: 26.02.2023. https://www.urban. org/policy-centers/cross-center-initiatives/state-and-local-finance-initiative/stateand- local-backgrounders/state-and-local-revenues. |
| 248. | Uzgalis, William. „John Locke”. W: The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Red. Edward N. Zalta, s 1–10. Stanford: Metaphysics Research Lab, 2020. https://leibniz.stanford.edu/ friends/preview/locke/. |
| 249. | World Bank. „Gini Index”. Dostęp: 21.02.2023. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ SI.POV.GINI |
| 250. | World Inequality Database. „Gini Coefficients Available”. Dostęp: 27.02.2023. https://wid. world/news-article/gini-coefficients-available/. |
| 251. | World Inequality Database. „How to Interpret The Inequality Data and Percentiles in Wid. world”. Dostęp: 27.02.2023. https://wid.world/percentiles/. |
| 252. | World Inequality Database. „National income for Australia, USA and World”. Dostęp: 21.02.2023. https://wid.world/world/#mnninc_pall_z/US;WO;AU/last/eu/k/p/yearly/m/ false/0/100000000000000/curve/false/country. |
| 253. | World Inequality Database. „Net Personal Wealth, Gini index, France”. Dostęp: 26.02.2023. https://wid.world/. |
| 254. | World Inequality Database. „Top 1% national income share for Australia, USA and World”. Dostęp: 21.02.2023. https://wid.world/world/#sptinc_p99p100_z/US;WO;AU/last/ eu/k/p/yearly/s/false/4.4795/30/curve/false/country. |
| 255. | World Inequality Database. „World Inequality Database”. Dostęp: 21.02.2023. https://wid. world/. |