Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine


ISSN: 2300-9705     eISSN: 2353-2807    OAI    DOI: 10.18276/cej.2022.1-06
CC BY-SA   Open Access   DOAJ  DOAJ

Liste der Ausgaben / Vol. 37, No. 1/2022
Changes in the Blood Pressure, Heart Rate and Body Mass of Physically Active Men in Response to Thermal Stress

Autoren: Robert Podstawski ORCID
University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland

Grzegorz Bielec ORCID
Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Poland

Krzysztof Borysławski ORCID
Angelus Silesius State University in Wałbrzych, Poland

Zoltán Alföldi ORCID
University of Pécs, Hungary

Arkadiusz Marzec ORCID
Jan Dlugosz University of Czestochowa, Poland
Schlüsselbegriffe: dry sauna blood pressure heart rate body mass loss physical activity
Veröffentlichungsdatum der gesamten Ausgabe:2022
Seitenanzahl:12 (65-76)
Cited-by (Crossref) ?:

Abstract

Background: Finnish sauna is presently the most popular type of thermal therapy in Europe. Saunas are widely available in aquaparks, SPA centers and hotels. In Scandinavian countries sauna is regarded not only as a form of treatment, but as a part of the national lifestyle. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate sauna-induced changes in systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR) and body mass in healthy men. Methods: Thirty healthy men aged 20-49 years (mean age: 31.2±11.3 years) attended four 12-minute Finnish sauna sessions (temperature: 90°C, humidity: 14-16%) with 6-minute breaks in between sessions, including cold water immersion for 1 minute. The participants’ physical activity (PA) levels were evaluated with an IPAQ questionnaire. Sauna bathers’ body composition, BP and HR were measured before the first and after the fourth sauna session. Results: A significant (p < .001) decrease in SBP and DBP values was noted in response to sauna regardless of the bathers’ body mass, age and PA levels. The average HR increased significantly in younger, slimmer and more physically active participants. Sauna treatment induced a significant decrease in body mass loss regardless of all independent variables. Conclusions: Repeated 12-minute Finnish sauna sessions have a beneficial influence on the cardiovascular system. Finnish sauna can be recommended for healthy men with average and high PA levels as a means of decreasing BP. Body mass loss, on the other hand, is related to the loss of body fluids as a result of sweating.
herunterladen

Artikeldatei

Bibliographie

1.Blum, N., Blum, A. (2007). Beneficial effects of sauna bathing for heart failure patients. Experimental and Clinical Cardiology, 12 (1), 29–32.
2.Boraczyński, T., Boraczyński, M., Podstawski, R., Borysławski, K., Jankowski, K. (2018). Body mass loss in dry sauna and heart rate response to heat stress. Revista Brasileria de Medicina do Esporte. 24 (4), 258–262. DOI:10.1590/1517-869220182404172175.
3.Borysławski K, Szaliłow K, Bielec G, Omelan A, Podstawski R. (2021) The human body’s response to the conditions in the sauna. Physical Activity Review, 9 (2), 11–17. DOI:10.16926/par.2021.09.17
4.Cernych, M., Satas, A., Brazaitis, M. (2018). Post-sauna recovery enhances brain neural network relaxation and improves cognitive economy in oddball tasks. International Journal of Hyperthermia. 35 (1), 375-382. DOI:: 10.1080/02656736.2018.1504992
5.Craig, C.L., Marshall, A.L., Sjöström, M., Bauman, A.E., Booth, M.L., Ainsworth, B.A., Pratt, M., Ekeleund, U., Yngve, A., Sallis, J.F., Oja, P. (2003). International Physical Activity Questionnaire: 12-Country Reliability and Validity. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 35 (8), 1381–1395. DOI:10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB
6.Crandall, C.G., Wilson, T.E., Marving, J., Vogelsang, T.W., Kjaer, A., Hesse, B., Secher, NH. (2008). Effects of passive heating on central blood volume and ventricular dimensions in humans. Journal of Physiology, 586, 293–301. DOI:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.143057.
7.Crinnion, W.J. (2011). Sauna as a valuable clinical tool for cardiovascular, autoimmune, toxicant-induced and other chronic health problems. Alternative Medicine Review, 16 (3), 215–225.
8.Gayda, M., Paillard, M., Sosner, P., Juneau, M., Garzon, M., Gonzalez, M., Belanger, M., Nigam, A. (2012). Effects of sauna alone and postexercise sauna baths on blood pressure and hemodynamic variables in patients with untreated hypertension. Journal of Clinical Hypertension, 14, 553–560. DOI:10.1111/j.1751-7176.2012.00637.x
9.Gibson, A.L., Holmes, J.C., Desautels, R.L., Edmonds, L.B., Nuudi, L. (2008). Ability of new octapolar bioimpedance spectroscopy analyzers to predict 4-component-model percentage body fat in Hispanic, black, and white adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 87(2), 332–338.
10.Gryka, D., Pilch, W., Szarek M., Szyguła Z, Tota Ł. (2014). The effect of sauna bathing on lipid profile in young, physically active, young males. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health. 27 (4), 608–618. DOI:10.2478/s13382-014-0281-9.
11.Gutierrez, A., Mesa, J.L.M, Ruiz, J.R, Chirosa, L.J, Castillo, M.J. (2003). Sauna-induced rapid weight loss decreases explosive power in women but not in men. Int J Sports Med., 24, 518–522.
12.Hannuksela, M., Ellahham, S. (2001). Benefits and risks of sauna bathing. American Journal of Medicine, 110 (2), 118–126.
13.Heinonen, I., Laukkanen, J.A. (2018). Effects of heat and cold on health, with special reference to Finnish sauna bathing. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 314, R629–R638. DOI:10.1152/ajpregu.00115.2017
14.Hussain, J.N., Greaves, R.F., Cohen, M.M. (2019). A hot topic for health: results of the global sauna survey. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 44, 223–234. DOI:10.1016/j.ctim.2019.03.012
15.Ketelhut, S., Ketelhut, R.G. (2019). The blood pressure and heart rate during sauna bath correspond to cardiac responses during submaximal dynamic exercise. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 44, 218–222. DOI:10.1016/j.ctim.2019.05.002
16.Kirby, N.V., Lucas, S.J.E., Cable, T.G., Armstrong, O.J., Weaver, S.R., Lucas, R.A.I. (2021). Sex differences in adaptation to intermittent post-exercise sauna bathing in trained middle-distance runners. Sports Medicine - Open, 7, 51. DOI:10.1186/s40798-021-00342-6
17.Kowatzki, D., Macholdt, C., Krull, K., Schmidt, D., Deufel, T., Elsner, P., Fluhr, J. W. (2008). Effect of regular sauna on epidermal barrier function and stratum corneum water-holding capacity in vivo in humans: a controlled study. Dermatology, 217 (2), 173–180. DOI:10.1159/000137283.
18.Kukkonen-Harjula, K., Kauppinen, K. (2006). Health effects and risk of sauna bathing. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 65 (3), 195–205.
19.Laukkanen, T., Khan, H., Zaccardi, F., Laukkanen, J.A. (2015). Association between sauna bathing and fatal cardiovascular and all-cause mortality events. JAMA Internal Medicine, 175 (4), 542–548. DOI:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.8187
20.Laukkanen, T., Lipponen, J., Kunutsor, S.K., Zaccardi, F., Araujo, C., Makikallio, T.H., Khan, H., Willeit, P., Lee, E., Poikonen, S., Tarvainen, M., Laukannen, J.A.(2019). Recovery from sauna bathing favorably modulates cardiac autonomic nervous system. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 45, 190–197. DOI:10.1016/j.ctim.2019.06.011.
21.Lee, P.H., Macfarlane, D.J., Lam, T.H., Stewart, S.M. (2011). Validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF): a systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 8, 115. DOI:10.1186/1479-5868-8-115.
22.Leung, P-C. (2017). Rehabilitation training in artificially heated environment. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 13 (5), 546–549. DOI: 10.12965/jer.1734958.479
23.Perasalo, J. (1988). Traditional use of the sauna for hygiene and health in Finland. Annals of Clinical Research, 20 (4), 220–223.
24.Pilch, W., Szygula, Z., Zychowska, M., Gawinek, M. (2003). The influence of body hydration on chosen physiological reactions to sauna training. Journal of Human Kinetics, 9, 31–37.
25.Pippi, R, Bini, V, Reginato, E, Aiello, C, Fanelli, C. (2021) Are three months multidisciplinary lifestyle intervention enough to get benefits on blood pressure in overweight/obese adults?. Physical Activity Review, 9 (1), 40–53. DOI:10.16926/par.2021.09.06
26.Podstawski, R., Boraczyński, T., Boraczyński, M., Choszcz, D., Mańkowski, S., Markowski, P. (2014). Sauna-induced body mass loss in young sedentary women and men. Scientific World Journal, 307421. DOI:10.1155/2014/307421.
27.Podstawski, R., Borysławski, K., Clark, C.C.T., Laukkanen, J.A., Gronek, P. (2020). The effect of 16-minute thermal stress and 2-minute cold water immersion on the physiological parameters of young sedentary men. Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 9 (1), 57–65. DOI:10.26773/mjssm.200308
28.Podstawski, R., Borysławski, K., Laukkanen, J.A., Clark, C.C.T., Choszcz, D. (2019). The effect of prolonged thermal stress on physiological parameters of young, sedentary men and the correlations with somatic features and body composition parameters. HOMO Journal of Comparative Human Biology, 70 (2), 119–128. DOI:10.1127/homo/2019/1016
29.Prystupa, T., Rzepka, A., Lara, W. (2010). Changes of selected physiological indices in men under the influence of thermal heating and cooling. [in Polish]. Pedagogics, Psychology, Medical-Biological Problems of Training and Sports. 2010 (1), 162–168. Retrieved from: https://www.sportpedagogy.org.ua/html/journal/2010-01/html-en/10ptrthc.html
30.Radtke, T., Poerschke, D., Wilhelm, M., Trachsel, L.D., Tschanz, H., Matter, F., Jauslin, D., Saner, H., Schmid, J-P. (2016). Accute effects of Finnish sauna and cold-water immersion on haemodynamic variables and autonomic nervous system activity in patients with heart failure. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 23 (6), 593–601. DOI:10.1177/2047487315594506.
31.Zaccardi, F., Laukkanen, T., Willeit, P., Kunutsor, S. K., Kauhanen, J., Laukkanen, J. A. (2017). Sauna bathing and incident hypertension: a prospective cohort study. American Journal of Hypertension, 30 (11), 1120–1125. DOI:10.1093/ajh/hpx102.
32.Zalewski, P., Zawadka-Kunikowska, M., Słomko, J., Szrajda, J., Klawe, J.J., Tafil-Klawe, J., Newton, J. (2014). Cardiovascular and thermal response to dry-sauna exposure in healthy subjects. Physiology Journal, 106049. DOI:10.1155/2014/106049
33.Żychowska, M., Półrola, P., Chruściński, G., Zielińska, J., Góral-Półrola, J. (2017). Effects of sauna bathing on stress-related genes expression in athletes and non-athletes. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 24 (1), 104–107. DOI:0.5604/112321966.1233977