ISBN: 978-83-8419-043-2
ISBN (online): 978-83-8419-044-9
ISSN: 0860-2751
OAI
DOI: 10.18276/978-83-8419-044-9
Lista wydań / T. (MCDLXXXIV) 1410
| Rok wydania: | 2025 |
| Dziedzina: | Dziedzina nauk społecznych |
| Dyscyplina: | nauki o bezpieczeństwie |
| Słowa kluczowe: | OBWE operacje terenowe misje obszar poradziecki konflikty zbrojne mediacja |
| Autorzy: |
Julia
Kołodziejska
Uniwersytet Szczeciński |
Informacje
Wersja elektroniczna publikacji dostępna na licencji CC BY-SA 4.0 po 12 miesiącach od daty wprowadzenia do obrotu: listopad 2025
Wersję drukowaną publikacji można nabyć w sklepie Wydawnictwa Naukowego Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego: wn.usz.edu.pl/sklep/
Abstrakt
Monografia stanowi kompleksową analizę zaangażowania OBWE w konflikty zbrojne na obszarze poradzieckim w latach 1991–2024. Zdefiniowanie operacji terenowej jako strukturalnego, zorganizowanego w układzie wertykalnym i horyzontalnym narzędzia regulacyjnego OBWE umożliwiło określenie poszczególnych elementów – takich jak misje, biura terenowe, grupy oraz koordynatorzy terenowi – mianem narzędzi regulacyjnych. Wykorzystując narzędzia regulacyjne, OBWE stosuje (celowo kreowane) zasoby w taki sposób, aby doprowadzić do zakończenia konfliktu. Powyższe podejście pozwoliło uporządkować wiedzę na temat możliwości działania OBWE przy zastosowaniu wielokrotnego studium przypadku. W tym kontekście rozstrzygające było spojrzenie na zaangażowanie OBWE jak na proces mający na celu zmianę określonego stanu rzeczy. Zastosowanie teorii cyklu konfliktu pozwoliło wyróżnić, na jakich etapach tego cyklu OBWE wykorzystywała swoje zdolności operacyjne oraz z jakim skutkiem. Konflikt cechuje się dynamiką, a jego intensywność zmienia się w czasie. Koncepcja cyklu konfliktu pomaga uchwycić te zmienne dynamiki. Główne aspekty działalności operacyjnej OBWE, takie jak działania na rzecz utrzymania lub przywrócenia pokoju, wsparcie procesu negocjacyjnego, mediacje, działania na rzecz utrzymania obowiązujących porozumień, weryfikacja ich przestrzegania oraz działania związane z rehabilitacją pokonfliktową, odpowiadają etapom cyklu konfliktu, jednak ich implementacja różni się w zależności od konkretnego przypadku (konfliktu zbrojnego). W tym zakresie nie bez znaczenia pozostają również czynniki zewnętrzne.
Bibliografia
| 1. | Ababakr, A. (2022). Unfreezing the Transnistria conflict from the lens of regional security complex theory. Eastern European Journal of Regional Studies, 1(1), 5–20. |
| 2. | Ackermann, A. (2009). OSCE Mechanisms and Procedures Related to Early Warning, Conflict Prevention, and Crisis Management. OSCE Yearbook, 2009, 223–231, https://ifsh.de/file-CORE/documents/ yearbook/english/09/Ackermann-en.pdf (19.02.2021). |
| 3. | Adamczewski, P. (2010). Konflikty na Kaukazie Południowym. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM. |
| 4. | Amnesty International (1999). Russian Federation (Chechnya): For the motherland: Reported grave breaches of international humanitarian law. Persecution of ethnic Chechens in Moscow, 1 December 1999, https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur46/046/1999/en (15.04.2024). |
| 5. | Amnesty International (2000). Bezprawie, przemoc, bezkarność. Federacja Rosyjska wraz z Republiką Czeczenii w dokumentach. Przeł. M. Berezowska. Oprac. K. Łoziński. Polskie Stowarzyszenie Amnesty International. |
| 6. | Amnesty International (2023). Azerbaijan: Blockade of Lachin corridor putting thousands of lives in peril must be immediately lifted, 9 February 2023, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/02/ azerbaijan-blockade-of-lachin-corridor-putting-thousands-of-lives-in-peril-must-be-immediately- lifted (30.12.2024). |
| 7. | Åslund, A. (2019). Western Economic Sanctions on Russia over Ukraine, 2014–2019. CESifo Forum, 20(4), 14–18, https://www.cesifo.org/DocDL/CESifo-Forum-2019-4-aslund-economic-sanctions-december. pdf (30.12.2024). |
| 8. | Association Agreement (2013). Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Members, of the one part, and the Republic of Moldova, of the other part, 30 August 2014, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX: 22014A0830(01) (12.08.2025). |
| 9. | Bajor, P. (2014). „Operacja” Krym – aneksja półwyspu i jej konsekwencje. Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo- Wschodniej, 12(2), 37–55. |
| 10. | Bartoszewicz, A. (2012). Wielopoziomowe zarządzanie publiczne w Unii Europejskiej. Prace i Materiały Instytutu Rozwoju Gospodarczego SGH, 98, 195–229, https://econjournals.sgh.waw.pl/PiM/article/ view/3953 (13.12.2022). |
| 11. | BBC (2005). Bush’s speech in Georgia, 10 May 2005, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4534267.stm (15.12.2024). |
| 12. | BBC (2017). Beslan school siege: Russia ‘failed’ in 2004 massacre, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe- 39586814 (13.12.2022). |
| 13. | BBC (2022). Ukraine conflict: Russia forces attack from three sides, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe- 60503037 (10.12.2024). |
| 14. | Bellamy, A.J., Griffin, S. (2002). OSCE peacekeeping: Lessons from the Kosovo Verification Mission. European Security, 11(1), 1–26. DOI: 10.1080/09662830208407522. |
| 15. | Bentzen, N. (2014). Układ o stowarzyszeniu między UE a Gruzją. EPRS Biuro Analiz Parlamentu Europejskiego, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/EPRS/EPRS-AaG-542175-EU-Georgia-Association- -Agreement-PL.pdf (20.02.2024). |
| 16. | BIS (2018). Rośnie liczba Mołdawian z rumuńskimi paszportami. Studium Europy Wschodniej Uniwersytet Warszawski. Biuletyn Informacyjny Studium, https://studium.uw.edu.pl/rosnie-liczba-moldawian- z-rumunskimi-paszportami (30.11.2022). |
| 17. | Blank, S. (2008). Georgia: The war Russia lost. Military Review, 88(6), 39–46. |
| 18. | Borgen, J.Ch. (2006). Thawing a Frozen Conflict: Legal Aspects of the Separatist Crisis in Moldova: A Report from the Association of the Bar of the City of New York. Legal Studies Research Paper Series, July, 1–98, https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1616&context=ilsajournal. |
| 19. | Bring, O., Mahmoudi, S. (red.) (1994). Current International Law Issues: Nordic Perspectives: Essays in Honour of Jerzy Sztucki. Dordrecht–Boston–London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. |
| 20. | Britannica (2022). Moscow theatre hostage crisis of 2002. Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica. com/event/Moscow-theatre-hostage-crisis-of-2002 (13.12.2022). |
| 21. | Brunk (Wuerth), I., Hakimi, M. (2022). Russia, Ukraine, and the future world order. American Journal of International Law, 116(4), 687–697. DOI: 10.1017/ajil.2022.69 (10.12.2024). |
| 22. | Burns, N.L. (2007). An uncertain place in uncertain times: the South Caucasus, https://stars.library.ucf. edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5110&context=etd (18.06.2022). |
| 23. | Całus, K. (2016). Państwo niedokończone. 25 lat mołdawskiej niepodległości. Prace OWS, 59, https://www. osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/prace_59_pl_25_lat_moldawskiej_net.pdf (19.10.2022). |
| 24. | Całus, K. (2023). Transnistria in the new international reality. OSW Commentary, 564, https://www.osw. waw.pl/sites/default/files/OSW%20Commentary%20564.pdf (10.12.2024). |
| 25. | Carley, P. (1998). Nagorno-Karabakh: Searching for a Solution. United States Institute of Peace, 1 December 1998, https://www.usip.org/publications/1998/12/nagorno-karabakh-searching-solution- 0 (12.04.2021). |
| 26. | CFR (2008). Russia’s Offensive in Georgia a Signal to NATO to Stay Away from Its ‘Space’. Council on Foreign Relations, 25 August 2008, https://www.cfr.org/interview/russias-offensive-georgia-signal- nato-stay-away-its-space (15.12.2024). |
| 27. | Cheterian, V. (2009). The August 2008 war in Georgia: from ethnic conflict to border wars. Central Asian Survey, 28(2), 155–170. |
| 28. | Chinn, J., Steven, D.R. (1995). Ethnic mobilization and reactive nationalism: the case of Moldova. Nationalities Papers, 23(2), 291–324. |
| 29. | Ciesielski, S. (2003). Rosja – Czeczenia. Dwa stulecia konfliktu. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. |
| 30. | Cohen, J. (1999). Conflict Prevention in the OSCE. An Assessment of Capacities. Netherlands Institute of International Relations „Clingendael”, https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/ pdfs/20000900_cli_study9.pdf (10.12.2024). |
| 31. | Collier, D. (2011). Understanding Process Tracing. PS: Political Science and Politics, 44(4), 823–830. |
| 32. | Commonspace (2017). Armenians of Karabakh hold a constitutional referendum, https://www.commonspace. eu/news/armenians-karabakh-hold-constitutional referendum (15.04.2021). |
| 33. | Commonspace (2020). Full text of the agreement between the leaders of Russia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, https://www.commonspace.eu/news/document-full text-agreement-between-leaders-russia-armenia- and-azerbaijan (15.04.2021). |
| 34. | Council of Europe (2003). Russian Federation Chechen Republic Referendum of 23 March 2003, Joint Assessment Mission, Preliminary Statement, 23 March 2003, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/ 7/c/16263.pdf (10.09.2022). |
| 35. | Council of Europe (2009). Handbook for Union Monitoring Mission in Georgia, https://rm.coe. int/16806f11b1 (10.03.2021). |
| 36. | Council of EU (2014). Council conclusions on Ukraine, Foreign Affairs Council meeting Brussels. Council of European Union, 3 March 2014, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/28853/141291.pdf (11.10.2022). |
| 37. | CPA (2024a). Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict. Center for Preventive Action, 20 March 2024, https://www.cfr. org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/nagorno-karabakh-conflict (29.12.2024). |
| 38. | CPA (2024b). War in Ukraine. Center for Preventive Action, 16 October 2024. https://www.cfr.org/global- -conflict-tracker/conflict/conflict-ukraine (10.12.2024). |
| 39. | CSCE (1992). To the Points of Contact, CSCE Communication no. 418, 13 December 1992. OSCE Documentation Office, Prague. |
| 40. | CSCE (1995). Hearing on Chechnya. Hearing before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, 1 May 1995. OSCE Documentation Office, Prague. |
| 41. | CSO (1993). CSCE Mission to the Republic of Moldova. CSO Vienna Group, 11 March 1993, CSCE/19- CSO/Journal No. 3 Annex 3, 4 February 1993, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/6/0/41137. pdf (22.05.2022). |
| 42. | Czajkowski, A., Herbut, M., Kunert-Milcarz, R. (red) (2017). Georgia and Moldova. In the context of Russian Imperialistic Foreign Policy. Domestic and Geopolitical Implications. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego. |
| 43. | Czapliński, W., Wyrozumska, A. (2004). Prawo międzynarodowe publiczne. Zagadnienia systemowe. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo C.H. Beck. |
| 44. | Czaputowicz, J. (2007). Teorie stosunków międzynarodowych. Krytyka i systematyzacja. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. |
| 45. | Delegation. Nagorno-Karabakh (2008). Delegation of the Republic of Azerbaijan OSCE Ministerial Council meeting, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/e/9/35386.pdf (11.03.2021). |
| 46. | Denst, S. (2021). Znaczenie zasady pacta sunt servanda i dobrej wiary w prawie traktatów. Kortowski Przegląd Prawniczy, 4, 69–77. DOI: 10.31648/kpp.7387. |
| 47. | Devitt, R. (2011). Liberal Institutionalism: An alternative IR Theory or just maintaining the status quo? https://www.e-ir.info/2011/09/01/liberal institutionalism-an-alternative-ir-theory-or-just-maintaining- the-status-quo (7.01.2021). |
| 48. | Devyatkov, A. (2012). Russian Policy Toward Transnistria. Problems of Post-Communism, 59(3), 53–62. DOI: 10.2753/PPC1075-8216590305. |
| 49. | Dobrowolska-Polak, J. (2011). Ludzie w cieniu wojny. Ludność cywilna podczas współczesnych konfliktów zbrojnych. Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. |
| 50. | Dorosh, L., Ivasechko, O. (2019). The OSCE Institutional and Operational Possibilities in the Modern Conflict Resolution. By Example of the Activity of the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine. Security and Human Rights, 30, 1–22. |
| 51. | Dyner, A.M. (2016). Eskalacja konfliktu w Górskim Karabachu – przyczyny i prawdopodobny dalszy przebieg. Polski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych, https://pism.pl/publikacje/Eskalacja_ konfliktu_w_G_rskim_Karabachu___przyczyny_i_pr awdopodobny_dalszy_przebieg (19.02.2021). |
| 52. | Dyner, A.M., Szeligowski, D. (2018). Political and Military Aspects of the Russia-Ukraine Kerch Strait Incident, PISM, 27 November 2018, https://pism.pl/publications/Political_and_Military_Aspects_of_ the_RussiaUkraine_Kerch_Strait_Incident (24.11.2024). |
| 53. | Easton, D. (1957). An approach to the analysis of political system. World Politics, 9(3), 383–400. DOI: 10.2307/2008920. |
| 54. | Embassy of Sweden (2018). Invoking of the Vienna Mechanism about serious human right violations in Chechnya, Russian Federation, https://www.swedenabroad.se/fr/ambassade/osce/current/news/ invoking–of-the-viennamechanism-in-relation-to-serious-human-right-violations-in-chechnya- russian-federation (29.11.2022). |
| 55. | EUBAM (2005). Memorandum of Understanding between the European Commission, the Government of the Republic of Moldova and the Government of Ukraine. The European Commission Border Assistance Mission to the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine, https://eubam.org/wp-content/ uploads/2015/11/memorandum_of_understanding_en.pdf (10.12.2023). |
| 56. | EUBAM (2012). Activity Report (1 December 2011 – 30 October 2012) of the Head of EUBAM, Mr Udo Burkholder, to the OSCE Permanent Council, 15 November 2012, OSCE Vienna, https://www.osce. org/files/f/documents/c/7/97531.pdf (10.12.2023). |
| 57. | EUBAM (2023). Who are we? European Union External Action, https://eubam.org/who we-are/#mandate (13.10.2022). |
| 58. | EUMM (2019). Our Mandate, https://www.eumm.eu/en/about_eumm/mandate (14.12.2022). |
| 59. | Eurasianet (2003). Caucasus: OSCE closes Chechnya mission with little protest, https://eurasianet.org/ caucasus-osce-closes-chechnya-mission-with-little-protest (7.10.2022). |
| 60. | European Commission (2023). Commission Staff Working Document. Republic of Moldova 2023 Report. Accompanying the document. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Brussels, 8 November 2023, SWD (2023) 698 final, https://enlargement.ec.europa.eu/document/ download/d8ef3ca9-2191-46e7-b9b8-946363f6db91_en?filename=SWD_2023_698%20 Moldova%20report.pdf (18.12.2024). |
| 61. | European Parliament (1999). Resolution on the war in Chechnya. Motion for a resolution B5-0259/1999, 15 December 1999, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/B-5-1999-0259_EN.html (29.10.2022). |
| 62. | European Parliament (2019). Motion for a resolution on the situation in Chechnya and the case of Oyub Titiev. Motion for a resolution B8-0108/2019, 12 February 2019, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/ doceo/document/B-8-2019-0108_EN.html (20.08.2022). |
| 63. | European Parliament (2023). Joint statement on Azerbaijan’s attack on Nagorno-Karabakh, Delegations 9th parliamentary term (2019–2024), 19 September 2024, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/ delegations/en/joint-statement-on-azerbaijan-s-attack-o/product-details/20230919DPU37422 (20.12.2024). |
| 64. | European Union (2014). Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Moldova, of the other part. Official Journal of the European Union, L 260/4, 30 August 2014, https://eur-lex.europa. eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:22014A0830(01) (13.10.2022). |
| 65. | Falkowski, M. (2007). Czeczenia między kaukaskim dżihadem a „ukrytym” separatyzmem. Warszawa: Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich, https://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/PUNKT_WIDZENIA_ 11_0.pdf, ss. 1–63 (2.12.2022). |
| 66. | Federowicz, K. (2017). Kaukaz Południowy po upadku ZSRR – próby transformacji i konflikty etniczne. Wschodni Rocznik Humanistyczny, 14(3), 127–154, http://wrh.edu.pl/wp-content/ uploads/2018/06/06_Fedorowicz_Kaukaz-Poludniowy-po-upadku-ZSRR_WRH_14_2017_3.pdf (20.02.2024). |
| 67. | Ferenc, J. (2004). Świat odwraca wzrok. Czeczenia w świetle prawa i w oczach świata. Toruń: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek. |
| 68. | Féron, É., Baser, B. (2023). Pathways to Conflict Transportation and Autonomisation: The Armenian Diaspora and the Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh. Ethnopolitics, 22(4), 384–400. DOI: 10.1080/ 17449057.2023.2199601. |
| 69. | Finnemore, M., Sikkink, K. (1998). International Norm Dynamics and Political Change. International Organizations, 52(4), 887–917. |
| 70. | Freire, M.R. (2002). Crisis management: the OSCE in the Republic of Moldova, Conflict. Security & Development, 2(2), 69–90. DOI: 10.1080/14678800200590609. |
| 71. | Freire, M.R. (2003). Conflict and Security in the Former Soviet Union: The role of the OSCE. Routledge. |
| 72. | Freire, M.R. (2005). Matching words with actions: Russia, Chechnya, and the OSCE – A relationship embedded in ambiguity. UNSCI Discussion Papers, 9, 159–171, http://www.ucm.es/data/cont/ media/www/pag-72532/UNISCI9Freire.pdf (8.12.2022). |
| 73. | Freire, M.R., Simão, L. (2013). The EU’s security actorness: the case of EUMM in Georgia. European Security, 22(4), 464–477. DOI: 10.1080/09662839.2013.808191. |
| 74. | Fukuyama, F. (2006). The end of history and the Last Man. Simon & Schuster. |
| 75. | Gałganek, A. (2018). Metoda śledzenia procesu i mechanizmy przyczynowe w badaniu stosunków międzynarodowych. Przegląd Politologiczny, 23(2), 7–30, https://pressto.amu.edu.pl/index.php/pp/ article/view/13117 (3.05.2021). |
| 76. | Gardner, A. (2014). Russia to Annex Transnistria?, https://www.politico.eu/article/russia-to-annex-transnistria (3.04.2022). |
| 77. | General Assembly (1970). United Nations General Assembly 2625 (XXV). Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States by the Charter of the United Nations, 24 October 1970, http://www.un-documents.net/a25r2625.htm (11.07.2022). |
| 78. | General Assembly (1974). United Nations General Assembly 3314 (XXIX). Definition of Aggression, „Human Rights Library”, 14 December 1974, http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/GAres3314.html (10.12.2022). |
| 79. | General Assembly (2011). United Nations General Assembly. Resolution no. 65/283 adopted by the General Assembly on strengthening the role of mediation in the peaceful settlement of disputes, conflict prevention and resolution, 28 July 2011, https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/ files/GARes_StrengtheningTheRoleOfMediation_ARES65283%28english%29_1.pdf (18.12.2023). |
| 80. | General Assembly (2012). United Nations General Assembly. Resolution no. 66/291 adopted by the General Assembly on strengthening the role of mediation in the peaceful settlement of disputes, conflict prevention, and resolution, 15 October 2012, https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker. un.org/files/GA_ResolutionMediationA66291_English.pdf (18.12.2023). |
| 81. | General Assembly (2014a). United Nations General Assembly. Resolution no. 68/262. The territorial integrity of Ukraine, 27 March 2014, https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B 6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/a_res_68_262.pdf (11.12.2022). |
| 82. | General Assembly (2014b). United Nations General Assembly. Resolution no. 68/303 on strengthening the role of mediation in the peaceful settlement of disputes, conflict prevention, and resolution, 13 September 2014, https://www.refworld.org/legal/resolution/unga/2014/en/101486 (18.12.2023). |
| 83. | General Assembly (2016). United Nations General Assembly. Resolution no. 70/304 on strengthening the role of mediation in the peaceful settlement of disputes, conflict prevention and resolution, 26 September 2016, https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/N1628366.pdf (18.12.2023). |
| 84. | Ghebali. V.V., Warner, D. (2018). The Operational Role of the OSCE in South-Eastern Europe. Contributing to Regional Stability in the Balkans. Routledge Revivals. |
| 85. | Gladii, A. (2017). Konflikt zbrojny w Donbasie w latach 2014/ 2015 – rozłam wewnętrzny czy ukraińsko- -rosyjska wojna? Scenariusze dalszego rozwoju konfliktu. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Nauk Politycznych i Dziennikarstwa UAM w Poznaniu https://www.cesifo.org/DocDL/CESifo- -Forum-2019-4-aslund-economic-,”nctions-december.pdf (11.12.2022). |
| 86. | Gow, J. (1998). Kosovo after the Holbrooke-Milosevic Agreement. What Now? The International Spectator, 33(4), https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/iai/iai_98goj01.html (30.12.2024). |
| 87. | Górecki, W. (2013). Abchazja. Wołowiec: Wydawnictwo Czarne. |
| 88. | Górecki, W. (2014). Rosyjski Kaukaz bez zmian. Lokalna wojna na przedpolach olimpiady. Warszawa: Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich, https://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/praceosw-47-rosyjski_ kaukaz_pl-net.pdf (11.02.2023). |
| 89. | Górecki, W. (2015). Pełzająca inkorporacja Abchazji. Koniec eksperymentu separatystycznej demokracji. Komentarze OSW, 164, https://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/komentarze_164.pdf (10.01.2025). |
| 90. | Górecki, W. (2020). Kaukaski węzeł gordyjski. Konflikt o Górski Karabach. Warszawa: Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich, https://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/Raport-OSW_Kaukaski-wezel-gordyjski_ net_1.pdf (11.05.2021). |
| 91. | Górecki, W. (2024). Azerbaijan in 2024: dizzy with success. OSW Commentary, 602, https://www.osw. waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2024-06-04/azerbaijan-2024-dizzy-success (30.12.2024). |
| 92. | Grech, O., Wohlfeld, M. (red.) (2010). Human Rights and the Conflict Cycle. Msida (Malta): MEDAC. |
| 93. | Grudziński, P. (2002). KBWE/OBWE wobec problemów pokoju i bezpieczeństwa regionalnego. Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza Aspra. |
| 94. | Guliyev, F., Gawrich, A. (2021). OSCE mediation strategies in Eastern Ukraine and Nagorno-Karabakh: a comparative analysis. European Security, 30(1), 1–20. |
| 95. | Haug, H. (2016). The Minsk Agreements and the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission. Security and Human Rights, 27, 342–357. |
| 96. | Hettne, B., Söderbaum, F. (2000). Theorizing the Rise of Regionnes. New Political Economy, 5(3), 457–473. |
| 97. | Horbaj, I. (2008). Stanowisko UE i Rosji wobec konfliktu w Gruzji w sierpniu 2008. Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Cła i Logistyki, 22, 30–45. |
| 98. | HRW (1992a). Violations of Humanitarian Law and Human Rights in the Georgia-South Ossetia Conflict. Human Rights Watch, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/OSSETNEW.pdf (23.10.2022). |
| 99. | HRW (1992b). Bloodshed in the Caucasus. Violations of Humanitarian Law and Human Rights in the Georgia-South Ossetia Conflict. Human Rights Watch, https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/g/georgia/ georgia.923/georgia923full.pdf (23.10.2022). |
| 100. | HRW (2000a). „Welcome to the Hell”. Arbitrary Detention, Torture, and Extortion in Chechnya. Human Rights Watch, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/2000-chechnya-welcome-tohell. pdf (11.12.2022). |
| 101. | HRW (2000b). A February 5: A Day of Slaughter in Novye Aldi. Short Report. Human Rights Watch, 12(9 D), https://www.hrw.org/reports/2000/russia_chechnya3 (12.08.2025). |
| 102. | HRW (2000c). No Happiness Remains: Civilian Killings, Pillage, and Rape in Alkhan-Yurt. Short Report. Human Rights Watch, 12(5 D), https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/2000/russia_chechnya2 (12.12.2022). |
| 103. | HRW (2000d). Civilian Killings in the Staropromyslovski District of Grozny. Short Report. Human Rights Watch, 12(2 D), https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/2000/russia_chechnya/#_1_1 (12.12.2022). |
| 104. | HRW (2022a). Ukraine: Cluster Munitions Launched into Kharkiv Neighborhoods. Human Rights Watch, https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/03/04/ukraine-cluster-munitions-launched-kharkiv-neighborhoods (17.12.2022). |
| 105. | HRW (2022b). Azerbaijan: Nagorno-Karabakh Lifeline Road Blocked. Human Rights Watch, https:// www.hrw.org/news/2022/12/21/azerbaijan-nagorno-karabakh-lifeline-road-blocked (30.12.2024). |
| 106. | HRW (2022c). Ukraine: Apparent War Crimes in Russia-Controlled Areas. Human Rights Watch, https:// www.hrw.org/news/2022/04/03/ukraine-apparent-war-crimes-russia-controlled areas (17.12.2022). |
| 107. | ICCN (2008). Elements for a Peaceful Settlement of the Conflict (Steinmeier’s Peace Plan). International Center on Conflict and Negotiation, 30 June 2008, https://iccn.ge/files/steinmeier_peace_ plan_2008.pdf (15.12.2024). |
| 108. | ICG (2005). Nagorno-Karabakh: Viewing the conflict from the ground. Report no. 166. International Crisis Group, https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/caucasus/nagorno-karabakh-azerbaijan/ nagorno-karabakh-viewing-conflict-ground (17.04.2021). |
| 109. | ICG (2007). Georgia’s South Ossetia Conflict: Make haste slowly. Executive summary and recommendations. Report no. 183. International Crisis Group, https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/ caucasus/georgia/georgia-s-south-ossetia-conflict-make-haste-slowly (17.04.2021). |
| 110. | ICG (2017). Nagorno-Karabakh’s gathering war clouds. Report no. 244. International Crisis Group, https:// www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/caucasus/nagorno-karabakh-Azerbaijan/244-nagorno- karabakhs-gathering-war-clouds (17.04.2021). |
| 111. | ICG (2019). Digging out of deadlock in Nagorno-Karabakh. Report no. 255. International Crisis Group, https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/caucasus/nagorno-karabakh-conflict/255-digging- out-deadlock-nagorno-karabakh (17.04.2021). |
| 112. | ICG (2021). Post-war prospects for Nagorno-Karabakh. Report no. 264. International Crisis Group, https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/caucasus/nagorno-karabakh-conflict/264-postwar- prospects-nagorno-karabakh (17.04.2021). |
| 113. | IISS (2023). Azerbaijan’s offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh and the evolution of its dispute with Armenia. The International Institute for Strategic Studies, Vol. 29, Comment 38, https://www.iiss.org/publications/ strategic-comments/2023/azerbaijans-offensive-in-nagorno-karabakh-and-the-evolutionof- its-dispute-with-armenia (29.12.2024). |
| 114. | Index Mundi (2014). Moldova Demographic Profile, https://www.indexmundi.com/moldova/demographics_ profile.html (15.08.2025) |
| 115. | Jarosiewicz, A., Bakunowicz, T. (2013). Polityczne napięcia wewnątrz Unii Celnej na tle konfliktu rosyjsko-ukraińskiego. Centre for Eastern Studies, https://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/analizy/ 2014-09-03/polityczne-napiecia-wewnatrz-unii-celnej-na-tle-konfliktu-rosyjsko (9.12.2023). |
| 116. | Jarosiewicz, A., Strachota, K. (2015). Rosyjska presja na Gruzję i… Azerbejdżan. Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich. Analizy, https://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/analizy/2015-08-12/rosyjska-presja-na-gruzje- i-azerbejdzan?utm_source=chatgpt.com (30.12.2024). |
| 117. | Jawad, P. (2008). Conflict Resolution through Democracy Promotion? The Role of the OSCE in Georgia. Democratisation, 15(3), 611–629. DOI: 10.1080/13510340801972288. |
| 118. | Kemoklidze, N., Wolff, S. (2020). Trade as a confidence-building measure in protracted conflicts: the cases of Georgia and Moldova compared. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 61(3), 305–332. |
| 119. | Keohane, R.O. (1984). After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton University Press. |
| 120. | Klinewicz, K. (red.) (2016). Zarządzanie, organizacje i organizowanie. Przegląd perspektyw teoretycznych. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. |
| 121. | Kobeszko, Ł. (2022). Niepodległość Kosowa – Precedens czy wyjątek? Trójmorze. Raporty, 29.04.2022, https://trimarium.pl/think_tank/lukasz-kobeszko-niepodleglosc-kosowa-precedens-czy-wyjatek (30.12.2024). |
| 122. | Kolosov, A.V., Crivenco, V.A. (2021). Impact of Depopulation on Political Life and Legitimacy of Unrecognized States (a Case Study of Transnistria). Regional Research of Russia, 11(2), 263–272. |
| 123. | Kołodziejska, J. (2020). Misja Obserwacyjna Unii Europejskiej EUMM Gruzja w latach 2008–2019. Nowa Polityka Wschodnia, 24(1), 102–135, https://czasopisma.marszalek.com.pl/images/pliki/npw/24/ npw2406.pdf (10.01.2022). |
| 124. | Konończuk, W. (2013). Ukraina rezygnuje z podpisania umowy stowarzyszeniowej w Wilnie. Przyczyny i implikacje. Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich. Analizy, https://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/analizy/ 2013-11-27/ukraina-rezygnuje-z-podpisania-umowy-stowarzyszeniowej-w-wilnie (8.12.2023). |
| 125. | Kosienkowski, M. (2017). The Gaugaz Republic. Internal Dynamics of De Facto Statehood. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, 24(1), 115–133. |
| 126. | Kowalczyk, M. (2017). Przyczyny wojny gruzińsko-rosyjskiej w 2008 roku. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, 2, http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/bc.2017.2.169 (22.10.2022). |
| 127. | Koźbiał, K. (2018). Państwa nieuznawane jako element dezintegrujący w stosunkach międzynarodowych. Wybrane aspekty. Rocznik Stowarzyszenia Naukowców Polaków Litwy, 18, 203–219. |
| 128. | Kropatcheva, E. (2015). The Evolution of Russia’s OSCE Policy: From the Promises of the Helsinki Final Act to the Ukrainian Crisis. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 23(1), 6–24. DOI: 10.1080/14782804.2014.1001823. |
| 129. | Landgraf, W., Seferian, N. (2024). A „Frozen Conflict” Boils Over: Nagorno-Karabakh in 2023 and Future Implications. Eurasia Program, 18 January 2024, https://www.fpri.org/article/2024/01/a-frozenconflict- boils-over-nagorno-karabakh-in-2023-and-future-implications (29.12.2024). |
| 130. | Legucka, A. (2016). Wykorzystanie quasi-państw w polityce zagranicznej Federacji Rosyjskiej. Rocznik Nauk Społecznych, 8(44), 11–29. |
| 131. | Legucka, A. (2017). Frozen and Freezing Conflicts in Eastern Europe and South Caucasus: Implications for Regional Security. Yearbook of the Institute of Central and Eastern Europe, 15(2), 79–97. |
| 132. | Library of Congress (b.d.). Moldova: Romanian Recognized as the Official Language, https://www.loc. gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2013-12-23/moldova-romanian-recognized-as-the-official-language (12.03.2025). |
| 133. | Liechtenstein, S. (2022). Russia block mandate extension of OSCE monitoring mission on Ukraine, 31 March 2022, https://www.shrmonitor.org/russia-blocks-mandate-extension-of-osce-monitoring- mission-to-ukraine (12.12.2024). |
| 134. | Lubicz-Mieszewska, A. (2012). Konflikt naddniestrzański: Geneza, przebieg i próby przezwyciężenia. Zeszyty Naukowe WSOWL, 3, 107–118. |
| 135. | Malek, M. (2017). Georgian Soft Power vs. Russian Hard Power: What can be done given South Ossetia’s Creeping Border? The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs, 3. |
| 136. | Mälksoo, L. (2019). The Annexation of Crimea and Balance of Power in International Law. The European Journal of International Law, 30(1), 303–319. |
| 137. | Marxsen, Ch. (2014). Crimea’s Declaration of Independence. Ejil:Talk! Blog of the European Journal of International Law, https://www.ejiltalk.org/crimeas-declaration-of-independence (18.10.2022). |
| 138. | Matveev, A. (1999). The OSCE Identity Crisis. OSCE Yearbook, 1999, 59–78, https://ifsh.de/file-CORE/ documents/yearbook/english/99/Matveev.pdf (18.10.2022). |
| 139. | Materski, W. (2017). Od cara do „cara”. Studium rosyjskiej polityki historycznej. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Instytutu Studiów Politycznych PAN. |
| 140. | Meyer, J., Allen, N. (1997). Commitment in the workplace: Theory, research, and application. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. |
| 141. | MFA (2023). Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the 15th anniversary of Russia’s military aggression against Georgia in August 2008. Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Georgia, 7 September 2023, https://mfa.gov.ge/en/news/959417-sagareo-saqmeta-saministros-gantskhadeba- 2008-tslis-agvistoshi-rusetis-mier-saqartvelos-tsinaaghmdeg (30.12.2024). |
| 142. | Miarka, A.A. (2020). Para-states as an instrument for strengthening Russia’s position – the case of Transnistria. Journal of Strategic Studies, 13(2), 1–18. |
| 143. | Michalak, B. (2016). Metody porównawcze stosowane w badaniach systemów wyborczych. Athenaeum, 51(3), 7–27. |
| 144. | Mikhelidze, N. (2008). After the 2008 Russia-Georgia War: Implications for the Wider Caucasus. The International Spectator, 44(3), 27–42. DOI: 10.1080/03932720903148807. |
| 145. | Miklasová, J. (2020). The recent ceasefire in Nagorno-Karabakh: territorial control, peacekeepers and question of status. Ejil:Talk! Blog of the European Journal of International Law, https://www.ejiltalk. org/the-recent ceasefire-in-nagorno-karabakh-territorial-control-peacekeepers-and-unanswered- question of-status (16.04.2021). |
| 146. | Milanovic, M. (2022). What is Russia’s Legal Justification for Using Force against Ukraine? Ejil:Talk! Blog of the European Journal of International Law, https://www.ejiltalk.org/what-is-russias-legal-justification- for-using force-against-ukraine (10.10.2022). |
| 147. | Minsk Group (1997). Minsk Group proposal (‘Package deal’). A comprehensive agreement on the resolution of the Nagorno Karabakh conflict Co-Chairs of the Minsk Group of the OSCE, OSCE, https:// www.legal-tools.org/doc/4b2ddb/pdf (16.12.2021). |
| 148. | MON (2014). Decyzja Nr 25/MON Ministra Obrony Narodowej z dnia 7 lutego 2014 r. w sprawie wprowadzenia do użytku „Wytycznych do przeprowadzenia Przeglądu Potrzeb dla Zdolności Operacyjnych Sił Zbrojnych Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej”. Dz.U. MON 2014 poz. 44 (akt prawny archiwalny). |
| 149. | Moravcsik, A. (1992). Liberalism and International Relations Theory. Paper No. 92-6. Cambridge, MA: Center for European Studies, Harvard University, https://www.princeton.edu/~amoravcs/library/ liberalism_working.pdf (20.11.2021). |
| 150. | MSF (2014). War Crimes and Politics of Terror in Chechnya 1994–2004. Medecins Sans Frontières Speaking Out, https://www.msf.org/speakingout/war-crimes-and-politics-terror-chechnya-1994-2004 (22.09.2022). |
| 151. | Munuera, G. (1994). Preventing Armed Conflict in Europe: Lessons from Recent Experience. Paris: Institute for Security Studies Western European Union. |
| 152. | Nestercova, J. (2018). Diversity of interests of OSCE member states and its effects on the organization’s internal policy: Case of Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine, https://scispace.com/papers/diversity- of-interests-of-osce-member-states-and-its-effects-guc6ed3jye (23.04.2023). |
| 153. | Nieczypor, K. (2018). Akwen pod specjalnym nadzorem. Rosyjsko-ukraińskie napięcia na Morzu Azowskim. Komentarze OSW, 279, https://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/komentarze_279.pdf (10.01.2024). |
| 154. | Nishimura, M. (2007). The OSCE and ethnic conflicts in Estonia, Georgia, and Tajikistan: a search for sustainable peace and its limits. European Security, 8(1), 25–42. |
| 155. | Nye, J.S. (1990). Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power. New York, NY: Basic Books. |
| 156. | Nye, J.S. (2021). Soft power: the evolution of a concept. Journal of Political Power, 14(1), 196–208. DOI: 10.1080/2158379X.2021.1879572. |
| 157. | Oberschmidt, R. (2002). The OSCE Mission to Ukraine (1994–1999). Netherlands Institute of International Relations „Clingendael”, https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/20020801_ cru_paper_oberschmidt.pdf (18.12.2024). |
| 158. | Oleksy, P. (2023). Umacnianie Wspólnoty. Kluczowe wątki spotkania europejskich przywódców w Mołdawii. Instytut Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. Komentarze IEŚ, 863 (111/2023), https://ies.lublin. pl/komentarze/umacnianie-wspolnoty-kluczowe-watki-spotkania-europejskich-przywodcow-w- -moldawii (18.12.2024). |
| 159. | O’Loughlin, J. (2013). Inside South Ossetia: a survey of attitudes in a de facto state. Post-Soviet Affairs, 29(2), 136–172, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301677431_Post_Soviet_Affairs_2013_-_ Inside_South_Ossetia. |
| 160. | OSCE (1975). Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe. Final Act. Helsinki, https://www.osce. org/files/f/documents/5/c/39501.pdf (10.11.2021). |
| 161. | OSCE (1989). Human Dimension of the CSCE. Vienna Mechanism, https://www.osce.org/files/f/ documents/b/6/20064.pdf (19.11.2021). |
| 162. | OSCE (1990). Charter of Paris for a New Europe, 21 November 1990 https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/ 0/6/39516.pdf (5.01.2023). |
| 163. | OSCE (1991). Document of the Moscow Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension of the CSCE, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/2/3/14310.pdf (19.11.2021). |
| 164. | OSCE (1992a). The challenges of change, 10 July 1992, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/7/c/39530. pdf (10.01.2023). |
| 165. | OSCE (1992b). United Nations, https://www.osce.org/partnerships/111477 (24.01.2024). |
| 166. | OSCE (1993). Stabilizing Measures for localized crises, 25 November 1993, https://www.osce.org/files/f/ documents/e/f/41316.pdf (2.12.2021). |
| 167. | OSCE (1994). Code of Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of Security, 3 December 1994, https://www. osce.org/files/f/documents/5/7/41355.pdf (27.02.2022). |
| 168. | OSCE (1995a). Fifth Meeting of the Ministerial Council Chairman’s Summary Decisions of the Budapest Ministerial Council Meeting, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/4/a/40409.pdf (8.01.2022). |
| 169. | OSCE (1995b). Mandate for the Co-Chairs of the Minsk Process, 23 March 1995, https://www.osce.org/ files/f/documents/f/f/70125.pdf (10.10.2022). |
| 170. | OSCE (1995c). The mandate of the Personal Representative of the OSCE Chairman-in-Office on the conflict dealt with by the OSCE Minsk Conference, 28 August 1995, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/ meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/afet/dv/201/201106/2011 0615_mandatepr_en.pdf (3.10.2022). |
| 171. | OSCE (1999a). Istanbul Document 1999. Charter for European Security, 18 November 1999, https://www. osce.org/files/f/documents/4/2/17502.pdf (12.01.2023). |
| 172. | OSCE (1999b). Decision No. 334, PC.DEC/334, 15 December 1999, https://www.osce.org/files/f/ documents/f/0/27908.pdf (3.12.2022). |
| 173. | OSCE (1999c). Decision No. 314, PC.DEC/314, 22 July 1999, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/ 6/e/28591.pdf (19.11.2022). |
| 174. | OSCE (1999d). Decision No. 318, PC.DEC/318, 16 November 1999, https://www.osce.org/files/f/ documents/d/3/28316.pdf (10.11.2022). |
| 175. | OSCE (2000). OSCE is set to return to Chechnya. Chairperson-in-Office ‘appalled’ by the scale of suffering and devastation. OSCE Newsletter, May 2000, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/9/2/14753. pdf (29.11.2022). |
| 176. | OSCE (2001a). Decision No. 450. Geographical expansion of the border monitoring operation of the OSCE Mission to Georgia. PC.DEC/450, 13 December 2001, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/ 4/6/18176.pdf (11.01.2023). |
| 177. | OSCE (2001b). Decision No. 454/Corrected reissue. Extension of the mandate of the OSCE Assistance Group to Chechnya, PC.DEC/454/Corr.2, 21 December 2001, OSCE, https://www.osce.org/files/f/ documents/f/4/18116.pdf (18.09.2022). |
| 178. | OSCE (2002). Decision no. 523, Border Monitoring Operation of the OSCE Mission to Georgia, PC.DEC/523, 19 December 2002, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/3/5/12536.pdf (15.11.2022). |
| 179. | OSCE (2003). Strategy to address threats to security and stability in the twenty-first century, 2 December 2003, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/d/0/17504.pdf (18.12.2023). |
| 180. | OSCE (2005a). 550th Plenary Meeting of the Council, PC. JOUR/550, 14 April 2005, https://www.osce. org/files/f/documents/8/1/14253.pdf (3.04.2022). |
| 181. | OSCE (2005b). On the meeting of mediators from Ukraine, the Russian Federation, and the OSCE with the representatives of the Republic of Moldova and Transdniestria (Odessa, 26–27 September 2005), 28 September 2005, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/7/9/16558.pdf (18.07.2022). |
| 182. | OSCE (2006). Decision no. 731. Capacity-Building Programme for the Georgian Border Policy, 29 June 2006, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/6/6/19685.pdf (17.11.2022). |
| 183. | OSCE (2008a). Summary of OSCE Mechanisms and Procedures. Updated version of SEC.GAL/216/07 of 12 November 2007, 20 June 2008, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/4/5/32682.pdf (18.03.2023). |
| 184. | OSCE (2008b). Decision no. 861. Increasing the number of military monitoring officers in the OSCE Mission to Georgia, 19 August 2008, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/6/c/33139.pdf (15.12.2022). |
| 185. | OSCE (2009). Decision no. 883. Extension of PC Decision no. 861 of 19 August 2008, 12 February 2009, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/3/f/36129.pdf (18.03.2023). |
| 186. | OSCE (2011a). Decision no. 3/11 on Elements of the conflict cycle, related to enhancing the OSCE’s capabilities in early warning, early action, dialogue facilitation and mediation support, and post- -conflict rehabilitation, 7 December 2011, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/6/b/86621.pdf (13.05.2022). |
| 187. | OSCE (2011b). Vienna Document on Confidence-and security-building measures, 30 November 2011, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/a/4/86597.pdf (16.04.2022). |
| 188. | OSCE (2012a). Developing guidance for effective mediation. Consultation with regional, subregional, and other international organizations, December 2012, http://www.osce.org/files/f/ documents/b/8/99875.pdf (9.05.2022). |
| 189. | OSCE (2012b). OSCE Guide on Non-military Confidence-Building Measures (CBMs), https://www.osce. org/files/f/documents/6/0/91082.pdf (11.05.2022). |
| 190. | OSCE (2013). Decision no. 1092. OSCE Project Co-ordinator in Baku, 26 July 2013, https://www.osce.org/ files/f/documents/0/1/104784.pdf (22.09.2022). |
| 191. | OSCE (2014a). Mediation and Dialogue Facilitation in the OSCE. Reference Guide, 13 November 2014, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/b/0/126646.pdf (22.07.2022). |
| 192. | OSCE (2014b). Decision no. 1117. Deployment of an OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine. Attachment 1: Decision no. 1117 on Interpretative statement under paragraphs IV.1 (A) 6 of the rules of procedure of the organization for security and cooperation in Europe, 21 March 2014, https:// www.osce.org/files/f/documents/d/6/116747.pdf (15.05.2022). |
| 193. | OSCE (2014c). Decision no. 1130. Deployment of OSCE Observers to two Russian Checkpoints on the Russian-Ukrainian border, 24 July 2014, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/b/0/121826.pdf (17.11.2022). |
| 194. | OSCE (2014d). Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of Ukraine and the OSCE, https://www.osce.org/ukraine/37928 (3.04.2022). |
| 195. | OSCE (2014e). 20 Years of OSCE Code of Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of Security. A Commemorative Study on the History, Development, Achievements and Outreach of the OSCE Key Document for Politico-Military Norms and Principles on Armed and Security Forces, https://www.osce.org/ files/f/documents/8/4/128961.pdf (14.07.2022). |
| 196. | OSCE (2015). Thematic Report. Freedom of Movement across the Administrative Boundary Line with Crimea, 19 June 2015, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/a/8/165691.pdf (15.02.2021). OSCE (2020a). Factsheet of the OSCE Conflict Prevention Centre, 6 March 2020, https://www.osce.org/ cpc/13717 (10.12.2023). |
| 197. | OSCE (2020b). Joint Statement on the Human Rights Violations in the Chechen Republic of the Russian Federation as delivered by Ambassador Jeroen Boender of the Netherlands to the Permanent Council, Vienna, 17 December 2020, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/human-rights-violations-and-abuses-in-the-chechen-republic-of-the-russian-federation-joint- -statement (25.10.2022). |
| 198. | OSCE (2021). Survey of OSCE Field Operations, 13 September 2021, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/ 6/5/74783_3.pdf (10.06.2021). |
| 199. | OSCE (2022a). Daily Report 54/2022, 7 March 2022, https://www.osce.org/files/2022-03-07%20 Daily%20Report_ENG.pdf?itok=89323 (4.06.2022). |
| 200. | OSCE (2022b). Chairman-in-Office and Secretary General expressed regret that no consensus was reached on the extension of the mandate of Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine. Warsaw/ Vienna, 31 March 2022, https://www.osce.org/chairmanship/514958 (12.11.2022). |
| 201. | OSCE (2022c). Report of the OSCE Moscow Mechanism’s mission of experts entitled „Report on Violations of International Humanitarian and Human Rights Law, War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity Committed in Ukraine since 24 February 2022, 13 April 2022”, https://www. osce.org/ odihr/515868 (30.12.2022). |
| 202. | OSCE (2022d). Report of the OSCE Moscow Mechanism’s mission of experts entitled „Report on Violations of International Humanitarian and Human Rights Law, War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity Committed in Ukraine (1 April – 25 June 2022), 14 July 2022”, https://www. osce.org/ odihr/522616 (30.12.2022). |
| 203. | OSCE (2022e). Report on Russia’s Legal and Administrative Practice in Light of Its OSCE Human Dimension Commitments, 22 September 2022, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/7/5/526720.pdf (30.11.2022). |
| 204. | OSCE. Kosovo (1999a). Kosovo/Kosova As Seen, As Told: An Analysis of the Human Rights Findings of the OSCE Kosovo Verification Mission October 1998 to June 1999, https://www.osce.org/files/f/ documents/d/d/17772.pdf (12.08.2025). |
| 205. | OSCE. Kosovo (1999b). Decision no. 305, 1 July 1999, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/e/0/28795. pdf (18.11.2022). |
| 206. | Parliamentary Assembly (2000). Resolution 1227. Conflict in the Chechen Republic: recent developments (follow-up to Recommendations 1444 (2000) and 1456 (2000) of the Parliamentary Assembly, 28 September 2000, https://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid= 16837&lang=en (2.11.2022). |
| 207. | Parmentier, F. (2024). Transnistria, in the shadow of the war in Ukraine, https://institutdelors.eu/content/ uploads/2024/05/PB_240516_Moldavie_Transnistrie_Parmentier_EN.pdf (10.12.2024). |
| 208. | Peace Agreements (1994). The Bishkek Protocol, https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/default/files/document/ files/2024/05/bishkek20protocol.pdf (11.09.2022). |
| 209. | Pishchikova, K. (2019). The conflict in Donbas. Evolution and consequences. Eurasiatica, 14, 75–94, https://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/media/pdf/books/978-88-6969-383-0/978-88 6969-383-0-ch- 05_HRnbZn3.pdf (25.06.2022). |
| 210. | PISM (2014). Stowarzyszenie z UE: droga z przeszkodami. Polski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych, https://pism.pl/konferencje/Stowarzyszenie_z_UE__droga_z_przeszkodami (19.08.2022). |
| 211. | Potocki, R., Domagała, M. (2015). Formatowanie Ukrainy. Antologia publikacji portalu „Geopolityka.org”. T. 1: W cieniu Euromajdanu (21 XI 2013 – 27 VI 2014). Warszawa: Europejskie Centrum Analiz Geopolitycznych. |
| 212. | Potocki, R., Miłoszewska, D. (2010). Rola soft power w środowisku międzynarodowym. W: A. Zaremba, B. Zapała B. (red.), Wymiary bezpieczeństwa na progu XXI wieku. Między teorią a praktyką (s. 47–61). Toruń: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek. |
| 213. | Potyrała, A. (2010). Unia Europejska wobec nowych tworów państwowych. Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne, 1, 15–36, https://repozytorium.amu.edu.pl/bitstream/10593/4818/1/A.%20Potyrała.pdf (8.07.2022). |
| 214. | President of Russia (2021). Article by Vladimir Putin „On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians, 12 July 2021, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/66181 (12.11.2024). |
| 215. | President of Russia (2022). Statement by President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia, and President of the Russian Federation, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/ news/64384 (10.04.2021). |
| 216. | Press Release. Chechnya (1995a). OSCE Chairman-in-Office offers OSCE help for Chechnya conflict. OSCE Press release, https://www.osce.org/cio/52529 (17.12.2021). |
| 217. | Press Release. Chechnya (1995b). Chairman’s statement on the situation in the Republic of Chechnya, Russian Federation. OSCE Press Release, https://www.osce.org/pc/52530 (21.12.2021). |
| 218. | Press Release. Chechnya (1995c). OSCE expert mission returns from Chechnya, https://www.osce.org/ secretariat/52541 (17.11.2021). |
| 219. | Press Release. Chechnya (1995d). OSCE Chairman-in-Office welcomes ceasefire in Chechnya, https:// www.osce.org/cio/52538 (15.12.2021). |
| 220. | Press Release. Chechnya (1995e). Parties in the Chechnya conflict agreed to talks under OSCE auspices, https://www.osce.org/cio/52580 (15.12.2021). |
| 221. | Press Release. Chechnya (1995f). Agreement to end hostilities signed at the OSCE Offices in Chechnya, https://www.osce.org/sg/52565 (25.11.221). |
| 222. | Press Release. Chechnya (1995g). OSCE-mediated talks continue today in Grozny, https://www.osce.org/ chechnya-closed/52557 (5.12.2021). |
| 223. | Press Release. Chechnya (1995h). OSCE voices concern on increasing tension in Chechnya, https://www. osce.org/pc/52569 (4.11.2021). |
| 224. | Press Release. Chechnya (1996a). OSCE Chairman-in-Office issues statement on Chechnya, https:// www.osce.org/cio/52460 (3.11.2021). |
| 225. | Press Release. Chechnya (1996b). OSCE Chairman-in-Office condemns Chechnya killings, https://www. osce.org/cio/52431 (3.11.2021). |
| 226. | Press Release. Chechnya (1998). OSCE Chairman-in-Office is concerned with unstable situation in Chechnya, https://www.osce.org/cio/52662 (20.11.2021). |
| 227. | Press Release. Chechnya (1999a). Statement by the Chairman-in-Office on the situation in Dagestan, https://www.osce.org/cio/52293 (10.11.2021). |
| 228. | Press Release. Chechnya (1999b). OSCE Ministerial Troika meeting focuses on upcoming OSCE Summit and regional issues, https://www.osce.org/cio/52255 (18.11.2021). |
| 229. | Press Release. Chechnya (1999c). OSCE Parliamentary Assembly President concerned about the Chechnya situation, https://www.osce.org/pa/52277 (15.11.2021). |
| 230. | Press Release. Chechnya (1999d). Statement by OSCE Chairman-in-Office on the conflict in Chechnya, https://www.osce.org/cio/52275 (15.11.2021). |
| 231. | Press Release. Chechnya (2000). OSCE/ODIHR meets the Presidential Representative for Human Rights in Chechnya and agrees to develop concrete support, https://www.osce.org/odihr/52108 (15.11.2021). |
| 232. | Press Release. Chechnya (2001). OSCE back in Chechnya: A major breakthrough, https://www.osce.org/ cio/53640 (14.11.2021). |
| 233. | Press Release. Chechnya (2003a). OSCE Chairman regrets the end of OSCE mandate in Chechnya, https://www.osce.org/cio/54958 (13.11.2021). |
| 234. | Press Release. Chechnya (2003b). OSCE CiO meets Russian Foreign Minister, https://www.osce.org/ cio/55010 (12.11.2021). |
| 235. | Press Release. Chechnya (2004a). OSCE Chairman condemns terrorist attack in Chechnya, https://www. osce.org/cio/56298 (13.11.2021). |
| 236. | Press Release. Chechnya (2004b). OSCE Chairman meets Russian Foreign Minister in Moscow, https:// www.osce.org/cio/56717 (13.11.2021). |
| 237. | Press Release. Chechnya (2006). OSCE Chairman says removing Chechen rebel chief Basayev „a good thing”, https://www.osce.org/cio/47506 (13.11.2021). |
| 238. | Press Release. Chechnya (2009). OSCE Chairperson shocked by murders of NGO representatives in Chechnya, https://www.osce.org/cio/51239 (11.11.2021). |
| 239. | Press Release. Nagorno-Karabakh (2016). Azerbaijan’s Deputy Foreign Minister addresses OSCE, calls for work toward a peaceful settlement of Nagorno-Karabakh, https://www.osce.org/pc/221841 (10.03.2021). |
| 240. | Press Release. Ukraine (2015a). Latest from OSCE Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine based on information received as of 1 January 2015, 18:00 (Kyiv time). OSCE Daily Report, https://www. osce.org/ukraine-smm/133336 (12.11.2024). |
| 241. | Press Release. Ukraine (2015b). Spot report by the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine, 14 January 2015: 12 civilians were killed and 17 wounded when a rocket exploded close to a civilian bus near Volnovakha. OSCE Spot Report, https://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/134636 (12.11.2024). |
| 242. | Press Release. Ukraine (2015c). Latest from OSCE Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine based on information received as of 18:00 (Kyiv time), 5 February 2015. OSCE Daily Report, https://www. osce.org/ukraine-smm/139391 (12.11.2024). |
| 243. | Press Release. Ukraine (2017). Latest from OSCE Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine, based on information received as of 19:30, 9 January 2017. OSCE Daily Report, https://www.osce.org/ ukraine-smm/293081 (13.11.2024). |
| 244. | Press Release. Ukraine (2018). Spot Report by Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine (SMM): SMM monitored the security situation following developments at sea near Kerch Strait. OSCE Spot Report, https://www.osce.org/special-monitoring-mission-to-ukraine/404240 (24.11.2024). |
| 245. | Press Release. Ukraine (2022). OSCE Chairman-in-Office and Secretary General announce upcoming closure of Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine, https://www.osce.org/chairpersonship/ 516933?utm_source=chatgpt.com (13.12.2024). |
| 246. | Radio Free Europe (1999). Newsline – November 24, 1999: Moscow is equivocal on OSCE Chechen role, https://www.rferl.org/a/1142041.html (20.08.2022). |
| 247. | Raubo, J. (2011). Wpływ doświadczeń z konfliktu gruzińsko-rosyjskiego z 2008 roku na wizję współczesnego bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego. Wybrane płaszczyzny. Przegląd Strategiczny, 2, 115–131. |
| 248. | Raustiala, K., Victor, D.G. (2004). The Regime Complex for Plant Genetic Resources. International Organization, 58(2), 277–309. |
| 249. | Resolution (1968). Final Act of the International Conference on Human Rights, Teheran, 22 April to 13 May 1968. United Nations New York, https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/fatchr/Final_Act_of_TehranConf. pdf (12.05.2024). |
| 250. | Restrictive. Georgia (1993). CSCE Concept for a Settlement of the Georgia-Ossetian Conflict, Conflict Prevention Centre, 25 September 1993. Restrictive document, consulted at the OSCE Documentation Centre in Prague. |
| 251. | Restrictive. Georgia (1994a). CSCE Mission to Georgia. Coordination of Activities on Georgia with the UN, 13 June 1994. Restrictive document, consulted at the OSCE Documentation Centre in Prague. Restrictive. Georgia (1994b). Report on the Personal Representatives of the Chairman-in-Office to Georgia, 17 February 1994. Restrictive document, consulted at the OSCE Documentation Centre in Prague. |
| 252. | Restrictive. Nagorno-Karabakh (1993). CSCE, Final Report of the Mission to the Personal Representative of the Chairman-in-Office to the area dealt with by the Conference on Nagorno-Karabakh, CSCE Communication no. 281, 21 October 1993. Restrictive document, consulted at the OSCE Documentation Centre in Prague. |
| 253. | Restrictive. Nagorno-Karabakh (1994). CSCE, Report of Chairman-in-Office on possibly organizing a CSCE multinational peacekeeping force for Nagorno-Karabakh, 18 November 1994. Restrictive document, consulted at the OSCE Documentation Centre in Prague. |
| 254. | Restrictive. Nagorno-Karabakh (1998). OSCE, Report of the OSCE Minsk Conference Co-Chairs on Nagorno-Karabakh to the OSCE Chairman-in-Office Oslo, 3 December 1998, MC.GAL/10/98. Restrictive document, consulted at the OSCE Documentation Centre in Prague. |
| 255. | Restrictive. Nagorno-Karabakh (2002). OSCE, OSCE Personal Representative of the Chairmanin-Office on the Conflict Dealt With by the Minsk Conference, SEC.FR/120/02, 5 March 2002. Restrictive document, consulted at the OSCE Documentation Centre in Prague. |
| 256. | Restrictive. Nagorno-Karabakh (2010). OSCE, Joint statement of the President of the Russian Federation, Dmitry Medvedev, the President of Armenia, Serzh Sargsyan, and the President of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev, to discuss future possibilities for settling the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict on 27 October 2010, 29 October 2010. Restrictive document, consulted at the OSCE Documentation Centre in Prague. |
| 257. | Restrictive. Transnistria (1993a). CSCE Conflict Prevention Centre, Report no. 7 of the CSCE Mission to Moldova, 28 August 1993. Restrictive document, consulted at the OSCE Documentation Centre in Prague. |
| 258. | Restrictive. Transnistria (1993b). CSCE Conflict Prevention Centre, Report no. 8 of the CSCE Mission to Moldova, 21 September 1993. Restrictive document, consulted at the OSCE Documentation Centre in Prague. |
| 259. | Restrictive. Transnistria (1993c). CSCE, Final Report on the conflict in the left bank Dniester areas of the Republic of Moldova by the Personal Representative of the Chairman-in-Office of the CSCE Council, 31 January 1993. Restrictive document, consulted at the OSCE Documentation Centre in Prague. |
| 260. | Restrictive. Transnistria (1995). OSCE Conflict Prevention Centre, OSCE Mission to Moldova. Russian Military Forces in Transnistria, 29 December 1995. Restrictive document, consulted at the OSCE Documentation Centre in Prague. |
| 261. | Restrictive. Transnistria (1996). OSCE Mission to Moldova, The Heads of the Experts Group. The Mediators in the Negotiating Process, 4 May 1996. Restrictive document, consulted at the OSCE Documentation Centre in Prague. |
| 262. | Restrictive. Transnistria (1997). OSCE Conflict Prevention Centre, Memorandum on the Bases for Normalization of Relations Between the Republic of Moldova and Transdniestria, 14 May 1997. Restrictive document, consulted at the OSCE Documentation Centre in Prague. |
| 263. | Restrictive. Transnistria (2004a). Conflict Prevention Centre. OSCE Mission to Moldova Activity Report, 15 July 2004, SEC.FR/359/04. Restrictive document, consulted at the OSCE Documentation Centre in Prague. |
| 264. | Restrictive. Transnistria (2004b). OSCE, Permanent Delegation of the Republic of Moldova to the OSCE. Statement by the Delegation of the Republic of Moldova at the OSCE Permanent Council Meeting, 11 November 2004. Restrictive document, consulted at the OSCE Documentation Centre in Prague. |
| 265. | Restrictive. Transnistria (2005). Conflict Prevention Centre. OSCE Mission to Moldova. Spot Report: Moldovan delegation to the Joint Control Commission temporarily suspends its participation and request deployment of OSCE monitors to the Security Zone, 19 April 2005. Restrictive document, consulted at the OSCE Documentation Centre in Prague. |
| 266. | Restrictive. Ukraine (2016). Statement by the Delegation of Ukraine at the Working Session III of the 2016 OSCE Annual Security Review Conference: Bolstering the OSCE conflict cycle box, 6 June 2016, Permanent Mission of Ukraine to the International Organizations in Vienna, PC.DEL/1035/16. |
| 267. | Restrictive document, consulted at the OSCE Documentation Centre in Prague. |
| 268. | Restrictive. Ukraine (2017). OSCE, SEC.FR/112/17/Corr.1, Thematic Report, Hardship for conflict-affected civilians in eastern Ukraine, 16 February 2017. Restrictive document, consulted at the OSCE Documentation Centre in Prague. |
| 269. | Restrictive. Ukraine (2018a). OSCE, FSC.DEL/139/18, Permanent Mission of Ukraine. Statement by the Delegation of Ukraine at the 889th FSC Plenary Meeting, 20 July 2018. Restrictive document, consulted at the OSCE Documentation Centre in Prague. |
| 270. | Restrictive. Ukraine (2018b). OSCE, SEC.FR/719/18, Daily Report 246/2018. Ukraine SMM, 18 October 2018. Restrictive document, consulted at the OSCE Documentation Centre in Prague. |
| 271. | Restrictive. Ukraine (2019). OSCE, SEC.FR/145/19, Thematic report. Restrictions of SMM’s freedom of movement and other impediments to fulfilling its mandate, June–December 2018, 28 February 2019. Restrictive document, consulted at the OSCE Documentation Centre in Prague. |
| 272. | Reuters (2022). ICC seeks Arrest of three War Crimes suspects in 2008 Russia-Georgia conflict, https:// www.reuters.com/world/europe/icc-seeks-arrest-three-war-crimes-suspects-2008-russia-georgia- conflict-2022-06-30 (17.08.2022). |
| 273. | Roeben, V., Jankovic, S. (2022). Validity of Contested Title to Territory in Frozen Conflict Zones: The Case of Nagorno Karabakh with Particular Reference to the 2020 War. Yearbook of International Law and Affairs, 73–110. |
| 274. | Roper, D.S. (2001). Regionalism in Moldova: The case of Transnistria and Gaugazia. Regional & Federal Studies, 11(3), 101–122. |
| 275. | Rosas, A. (1992). Internal Conflicts and the CSCE Process. Helsinki Monitor, 3(2), 5–9. |
| 276. | Rumer, E. (2017). Moldova between Russia and the West: A delicate balance, https://carnegieendowment. org/2017/05/23/moldova-between-russia-and-west-delicate-balance-pub-70056 (3.10.2022). |
| 277. | Russell, J. (2006). Obstacles to peace in Chechnya: What scope for international involvement? Europe- -Asia Studies, 58(6), 941–964. DOI: 10.1080/09668130600831225. |
| 278. | Sadowski, A. (2019). Państwo narodowe a państwo wielokulturowe. Nauka, 3, 41–57. DOI: 10.24425/ nauka.2019.129243. |
| 279. | Sandole, D. (2007). Peace and Security in the Postmodern World. The OSCE and conflict rehabilitation. Routledge. |
| 280. | Secrieru, S., Sobják, A. (2014). Trzy sprawdziany dla umowy stowarzyszeniowej między UE a Mołdawią. Biuletyn PISM, 83(1195). |
| 281. | Seely, R. (2001). Russo-Chechen conflict 1800–2000: A Deadly Embrace. Routledge. |
| 282. | Serzhanova, V. (2017). Powstanie Naddniestrzańskiej Republiki Mołdawskiej i jego implikacje. Studia Europejskie – Studies in European Affairs, 1, 253–276. |
| 283. | Shelest, H. (2022). From Soft Security to Hard Security in the Black Sea Region – OSCE the Osce Fit? Security and Human Rights, 32(1–4), 1–15. DOI: 10.1163/18750230-bja10008. |
| 284. | Smbatyan, H., Isayev, H. (2022). An analysis of the November 9 ceasefire agreement and its implementation. Journal of Conflict Transformation. Caucasus Edition, https://caucasusedition.net/an-analysis- of-the-november-9-ceasefire-agreement-and-itsimplementation (13.01.2023). |
| 285. | The Spectator (2022). Putin’s declaration of war on Ukraine, 24 February 2022, https://www.spectator. co.uk/article/full-text-putin-s-declaration-of-war-on-ukraine (10.11.2024). |
| 286. | Spencer, F., Wollman, H. (1998). Good and bad nationalism: a Critique of dualism. Journal of Political Ideologies, 3(3), 255–274. |
| 287. | Statement. Nagorno-Karabakh (2011). Joint Statement on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, by the OSCE Minsk Group Co-Chair Countries Presidents at the G-8 Summit, https://www.osce.org/mg/78195 (20.03.2021). |
| 288. | Statement. Nagorno-Karabakh (2015a). Statement by the Delegation of Armenia on the ceasefire violations along the line of contact between Nagorno-Karabakh and Azerbaijan, https://www.osce. org/pc/155301 (11.03.2021). |
| 289. | Statement. Nagorno-Karabakh (2015b). Statement by OSCE Chairperson-in-Office and Co-Chairs of the OSCE Minsk Group on the latest developments in the Nagorno-Karabakh peace process, https:// www.osce.org/cio/139411 (12.8.2025). |
| 290. | Statement. Nagorno-Karabakh (2016a). Statement on the Large-Scale Military Offensive of Azerbaijan against Nagorno-Karabakh delivered by Ambassador Arman Kirakossian at the 1094th Special Meeting of the OSCE Permanent Council, April 5, 2016, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/ 5/0/232526.pdf (15.03.2024). |
| 291. | Statement. Nagorno-Karabakh (2016b). Statement on the Use of Force by Azerbaijan against the Right to Self-Determination of the People of Nagorno-Karabakh delivered by Ambassador Arman Kirakossian at the 1114th Meeting of the OSCE Permanent Council, October 4, 2016, https://www.osce. org/files/f/documents/3/e/275206.pdf (10.03.2021). |
| 292. | Statement. Nagorno-Karabakh (2017a). Statement on the Attempted Incursion of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces at the Line of Contact between Nagorno-Karabakh and Azerbaijan delivered by the Permanent Delegation of Armenia at the 1132nd meeting of the OSCE Permanent Council, February 2, 2017, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/a/2/299851.pdf (13.04.2021). |
| 293. | Statement. Nagorno-Karabakh (2017b). Statement on the Escalation of Situation along the Line of Contact between Nagorno-Karabakh and Azerbaijan delivered by the Permanent Delegation of Armenia at the 1135th Meeting of the OSCE Permanent Council, PC.DEL/296/17, 3 February 2017, https:// www.osce.org/files/f/documents/7/d/304226.pdf (7.04.2021). |
| 294. | Statement. Nagorno-Karabakh (2017c). Statement on the Escalation of Situation along the Line of Contact between Nagorno-Karabakh and Azerbaijan delivered by the Permanent Delegation of Armenia at the 1133rd Meeting of the OSCE Permanent Council, February 9, 2017, https://www. osce.org/files/f/documents/a/c/299951.pdf (21.02.2021). |
| 295. | Statement. Nagorno-Karabakh (2017d). Statement on the Constitutional Referendum in Nagorno-Karabakh delivered by the Permanent Delegation of Armenia at the 1034th Meeting of the OSCE Permanent Council, February 16, 2017, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/2/a/301561.pdf (19.02.2021). |
| 296. | Statement. Nagorno-Karabakh (2017e). Statement by the European Union at the 1155th meeting of the OSCE Permanent Council on the „presidential election” in Nagorno Karabakh, 20 July 2017, https:// www.osce.org/files/f/documents/f/c/333016.pdf (19.02.2021). |
| 297. | Surdacki, R. (2014). Precedens Kosowa a problem statusu Abchazji i Osetii Południowej przed wojną sierpniową w Gruzji. Nowa Strategia, https://www.nowastrategia.org.pl/precedens-kosowa-a-problem- -statusu-abchazji-i-osetii-poludniowej-przed-2008-rokiem (10.01.2025). |
| 298. | Szafarz, R. (1994). CSCE Procedures for Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes. W: O. Bring, S. Mahmoudi (red.), Current International Law Issues: Nordic Perspectives: Essays in Honour of Jerzy Sztucki (s. 183–193). Dordrecht–Boston–London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. |
| 299. | Szklarski, A. (2020). Kulisy rosyjskiej polityki wobec Republiki Czeczenii i jej konsekwencje. Rocznik Administracji Publicznej, 6, 203–224. DOI: 10.4467/24497800RAP.20.011.12905. |
| 300. | Szpak, A. (2014). Secesja państwa w świetle prawa międzynarodowego (na przykładzie Kosowa i Krymu. Państwo i Prawo, 12, 38–53. |
| 301. | Szpak, A., Kołodziejska, J. (2023). The use of the OSCE Moscow mechanism and international humanitarian law in the Russian aggression against Ukraine. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 32(1). DOI: 10.1080/14782804.2023.2177841. |
| 302. | Sztompka, P. (1994). Teorie zmian społecznych a doświadczenia polskiej transofmracji / Theories of social change and the experience of Polish transommation. Studia Socjologiczne, 1, 9–17, https:// www.studiasocjologiczne.pl/img_upl/studia_socjologiczne_1994_nr1_s.9_17.pdf (23.10.2022). |
| 303. | Szukalski, J. (2015). Przeobrażenia polityczno-ustrojowe w Czeczenii w latach 1990–2000. Toruń: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek. |
| 304. | Szumski, A. (2015). Status prawny Donieckiej Republiki Ludowej i Ługańskiej Republiki Ludowej. Dyplomacja i Bezpieczeństwo, 3(1), 151–161, http://www.repozytorium.uni.wroc.pl/Content/78263/ PDF/2015-3-A.%20Szumski.pdf (23.11.2022). |
| 305. | Tanner, F. (2015). The OSCE and the Crisis in and around Ukraine: First Lessons for Crisis Management. OSCE Yearbook, 2015, 241–250. |
| 306. | Terris, L.G. (2017). Mediation of International Conflicts. A Rational model. Routledge. |
| 307. | Tkachuk, O. (2017). Specjalna misja monitorująca OBWE na Ukrainie – cele i problemy w ich realizacji. Nauki Społeczne, 3(18), 103–127. |
| 308. | Tolstov, S. (1999). The Ukraine and the OSCE. OSCE Yearbook, 1999, 105–123. |
| 309. | UN (1945a). United Nations Charter. Chapter VIII: Regional Arrangements. United Nations, https://www. un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/chapter-8 (10.01.2024). |
| 310. | UN (1945b). Charter of the United Nations and Statute of the International Court of Justice, San Fancisco 1945. Chapter VII: Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace and Acts of Aggression. United Nations, https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/ctc/uncharter.pdf (11.12.2022). |
| 311. | UN (1992). Agreement on the Principle for a Peaceful Settlement of the Armed Conflict in the Dniester Region of the Republic of Moldova. United Nations Security Council, S/24369, https://peacemaker. un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/MD%20RU_920000_AgreementPrinciplesPpeacefulSettlementDniestrConflict. pdf (24.10.2022). |
| 312. | UN (1994). Ukraine, Russian Federation, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America. Memorandum on security assurances in connection with Ukraine’s accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, 5 December 1994, https://treaties. un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%203007/Part/volume-3007-I-52241.pdf (12.01.2024). |
| 313. | UN (1997). Ukraine and Russian Federation Treaty on Friendship, Cooperation and Partnership between Ukraine and the Russian Federation. United Nations, vol. 3007, no. 52240, https://treaties.un.org/ Pages/showDetails.aspx?objid=08000002803e6fae (2.11.2022). |
| 314. | UN (2000). Commission on Human Rights Resolution 2000/47. Promoting and consolidating democracy. United Nations Commission on Human Rights, 25 April 2000, E/CN.4/RES/2000/47, https:// www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f2b0e.html (10.02.2023). |
| 315. | UN (2003). Treaty between Ukraine and the Russian Federation on the Ukrainian-Russian state border. Ukraine and Russian Federation, 23 April 2004. United Nations, https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ showDetails.aspx?objid=08000002803fe18a (12.08.2025). |
| 316. | UN (2005). Resolution 1631 (2005). Adopted by the Security Council at its 5282nd meeting, on 13 October 2005. United Nations, https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n05/556/42/pdf/n0555642. pdf?token=HXSmPWt6hcInHhJ62l&fe=true (12.01.2024). |
| 317. | UN (2008). Resolution 1820 (2008). Adopted by the Security Council at its 5916th meeting, on 19 June 2008. United Nations, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/629882?ln=en&v=pdf (12.01.2024). |
| 318. | UN (2012). Guides for Effective Mediation. United Nations, http://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker. un.org/files/GuidanceEffectiveMediation_UND PA2012%28english%29_0.pdf (22.05.2022). |
| 319. | UN (2023). Lachin Corridor Must Be Reopened for Humanitarian Aid, Security Council Hears, as Speakers Urge Armenia, Azerbaijan to Normalize Relations. United Nations Meetings Coverage and Press Release, https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15384.doc.htm (30.12.2024). |
| 320. | Urbański, M. (2016). Wojna sierpniowa Gruzji z Federacją Rosyjską w 2008 roku – implikacje międzynarodowe. W: T. Kubaczyk, M. Żyła (red.), Ład międzynarodowy w XXI wieku (s. 159–169). Warszawa: Akademia Obrony Narodowej. |
| 321. | U.S. Mission OSCE (2024). On the 62nd Round of the Geneva International Discussions on the Conflict in Georgia. U.S. Mission to the OSCE, https://osce.usmission.gov/on-the-62nd-round-of-the-geneva- international-discussions-on-the-conflict-in-georgia (10.01.2025). |
| 322. | Vermeer, Z. (2014). Intervention with the Consent of a Deposed (but Legitimate) Government? Playing the Sierra Leone card. Ejil:Talk! Blog of the European Journal of International Law, https://www.ejiltalk. org/intervention-with-the-consent-of-a-deposed-but-legitimate-government-playing-the-sierra- leone-card/#more-10479 (16.01.2023). |
| 323. | Warner, D. (1996). Preventive Diplomacy: the United Nations and the OSCE. PSIO Occasional Paper, 1, 5–135. |
| 324. | Warsaw Institute (2018). Janukowycz ułatwił aneksję Krymu, https://warsawinstitute.org/pl/janukowyczulatwil- aneksje-krymu (30.12.2022). |
| 325. | Wasielewski, S. (2018). Rola Szamila Basajewa w walce o niepodległość Czeczenii. Studia Gdańskie. Wizje i rzeczywistość, 15, 61–74. |
| 326. | Wendt, A. (1992). Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics. International Organization, 46(2), 391–425. |
| 327. | The White House (2022). Remarks by President Biden on Russia’s Unprovoked and Unjustified Attack on Ukraine, 24 February 2024, https://pl.usembassy.gov/remarks_unprovoked_attack (10.12.2024). |
| 328. | Wittke, C. (2019). The Minsk Agreements – more than „scraps of paper”? East European Politics, 35(3), 264–290. DOI: 10.1080/21599165.2019.1635885. |
| 329. | Włodkowska-Bagan, A. (2013). Rywalizacja mocarstw na obszarze poradzieckim. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Difin. |
| 330. | Wojtasiewicz, W. (2010). Strategiczne następstwa konfliktu gruzińsko-rosyjskiego w wymiarze regionalnym i globalnym. Międzynarodowy Przegląd Polityczny, 1(25), 48–69. |
| 331. | Wonicki, R. (2015). Hobbes i Grocjusz o wojnie i przemocy w stosunkach międzynarodowych. Civitas. Studia z Filozofii i Polityki, 17, 79–96 http://czasopisma.isppan.waw.pl/index.php/c/article/ view/515/391 (17.04.2022). |
| 332. | WPR (2023). Moldova. World Population Review, https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/moldova- population (30.03.2022). |
| 333. | Yamamoto, M.M. (2017). OSCE Principles in Practice: Testing Their Effect on Security Through the Work of Max van der Stoel, First High Commissioner on National Minorities 1993–2001. Published by „Center for International & Security Studies, U. Maryland, Sep. 1, 2017, 46–55, http://www.jstor. com/stable/resrep05037.7 (5.11.2022). |
| 334. | Yemelianova, G.M. (2023). The De Facto State of Nagorno-Karabakh: Historical and Geopolitical Perspectives. Europe-Asia Studies, 75(8), 1336–1359. DOI: 10.1080/09668136.2023.2214708. |
| 335. | Yin, K.R. (2015). Studium przypadku w badaniach naukowych. Projektowanie i metody. Przeł. J. Gilewicz. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. |
| 336. | Yost, D.S. (2015). The Budapest Memorandum and Russia’s intervention in Ukraine. The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 91(3), 505–538. DOI: 10.1111/1468-2346.12279. |
| 337. | Young, O.R. (1997). Global Governance: Drawing Insights from the Environmental Experience. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. |
| 338. | Zawadzki, J. (2011). Współczesny rozbiór państwa. Casus Gruzji. Nowa Polityka Wschodnia, 1(1), 157–172, https://czasopisma.marszalek.com.pl/images/pliki/npw/01/npw2011110.pdf (17.09.2022). |
| 339. | Zdaniuk, B. (2016). Konsolidacja państwa w Republice Mołdawii. Warszawa: Wydział Dziennikarstwa i Nauk Politycznych Uniwersytet Warszawski, https://wnpism.uw.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/ 2019/08/Konsolidacja-panstwa.pdf (17.09.2022). |
| 340. | Zięba, R. (1998). Funkcjonowanie paneuropejskiego mechanizmu bezpieczeństwa KBWE/OBWE. Studia Europejskie, 3, 85–104. |
| 341. | Zięba, R. (2015). Bezpieczeństwo europejskie czterdzieści lat po podpisaniu Aktu Końcowego KBWE. Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej, 9, 109–122, https://pressto.amu.edu.pl/index.php/rie/article/view/ 6192/6226 (19.03.2021). |
| 342. | Żochowski, P., Sadowski, R., Menkiszak, M. (2014). Rosyjska interwencja we wschodniej Ukrainie, Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich, https://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/analizy/2014-09-03/rosyjska-interwencja- zbrojna-we-wschodniej-ukrainie (5.11.2022). |