Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine


ISSN: 2300-9705     eISSN: 2353-2807    OAI    DOI: 10.18276/cej.2022.2-05
CC BY-SA   Open Access   DOAJ  DOAJ

Issue archive / Vol. 38, No. 2/2022
Reliability of the Coach’s Eye Goniometer Application during Squat Exercise

Authors: Jonathan Kilgallon ORCID
Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St Mary’s University, Twickenham, United Kingdom

Joseph Cave
Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St Mary’s University, Twickenham, United Kingdom

Emily Cushion ORCID
Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St Mary’s University, Twickenham, United Kingdom

Shaun Joffe ORCID
Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St Mary’s University, Twickenham, United Kingdom

Jamie Tallent ORCID
School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
Keywords: range of motion kinematics lower limb joints two-dimensional analysis rehabilitation
Data publikacji całości:2022
Page range:13 (47-59)
Cited-by (Crossref) ?:

Abstract

This study examined the test re-test, intrarater and interrater reliability of joint kinematics from the Coach’s Eye smartphone application. Twenty-two males completed a 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) assessment followed by 2 identical sessions using 5 incremental loads (20%-40%-60%-80%-90% 1-RM). Peak flexion angles at the hip, knee, and ankle joints were assessed using 1 experienced practitioner and 1 inexperienced practitioner. The acceptable reliability thresholds were defined as intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (r) > 0.70 and coefficient of variation (CV) ≤ 10%. The test re-test reliability of peak hip and knee flexion were reliable across 20-90% 1-RM (r > 0.64; CV < 4.2%), whereas peak ankle flexion was not reliable at any loaded condition (r > 0.70; CV < 20.4%). No significant differences were detected between trials (p > 0.11). The intrarater reliability was near perfect (r > 0.90) except for peak ankle flexion (r > 0.85). The interrater reliability was nearly perfect (r > 0.91) except for hip flexion at 80% 1-RM and ankle flexion at 20% (r > 0.77). Concludingly, the Coach’s Eye application can produce repeatable assessments of joint kinematics using either a single examiner or 2 examiners, regardless of experience level. The Coach’s Eye can accurately monitor squat depth.
Download file

Article file

Bibliography

1.Alkhateeb, A.M., Forrester, B.J., Daher, N.S., Martin, B.D., Alonazi, A.A. (2017). Validity and reliability of wheelchair sitting posture measures using Coach’s Eye in abled subjects. Null, 29 (4), 210–216. DOI: 10.1080/10400435.2016.1220994.
2.Atkinson, G., Nevill, A. M. (1998). Statistical Methods For Assessing Measurement Error (Reliability) in Variables Relevant to Sports Medicine. Adis International. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-199826040-00002.
3.Batterham, A.M., Hopkins, W.G. (2006). Making meaningful inferences about magnitudes. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 1 (1), 50--57. DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.1.1.50.
4.Beckerman, H., Roebroeck, M.E., Lankhorst, G.J., Becher, J.G., Bezemer, P.D., Verbeek, A. L. M. (2001). Smallest Real Difference, a Link between Reproducibility and Responsiveness. Quality of Life Research, 10 (7), 571–578. DOI: 10.1023/A:1013138911638.
5.Bryanton, M.A., Kennedy, M.D., Carey, J.P., Chiu, L.Z.F. (2012). Effect of Squat Depth and Barbell Load on Relative Muscular Effort in Squatting. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26 (10), 2820–2828. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31826791a7.
6.Chowdhury, S.K., Byrne, R.M., Zhou, Y., Zhang, X. (2018). Lumbar Facet Joint Kinematics and Load Effects During Dynamic Lifting. Human Factors, 60 (8), 1130–1145. DOI: 10.1177/0018720818790719.
7.Comfort, P., Jones, P.A., Smith, L.C., Herrington, L. (2015). Joint Kinetics and Kinematics During Common Lower Limb Rehabilitation Exercises. Journal of Athletic Training, 50 (10), 1011–1018. DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-50.9.05.
8.Damsted, C., Nielsen, R.O., Larsen, L.H. (2015). Reliability of video-based quantification of the knee- and hip angle at foot strike during running. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 10 (2), 147–154.
9.Duthie, G., Pyne, D., Hooper, S. (2003). The reliability of video based time motion analysis. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 44, 259–272.
10.Eltoukhy, M., Travascio, F., Asfour, S., Elmasry, S., Heredia-Vargas, H., Signorile, J. (2016). Examination of a lumbar spine biomechanical model for assessing axial compression, shear, and bending moment using selected Olympic lifts. Journal of Orthopaedics, 13 (3), 210–219. DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2015.04.002.
11.Escamilla, R.F., Fleisig, G.S., Zheng, N., Barrentine, S.W., Wilk, K.E., Andrews, J.R. (1998). Biomechanics of the knee during closed kinetic chain and open kinetic chain exercises. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30 (4), 556–569. DOI: 10.1097/00005768-199804000-00014.
12.Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A., Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39 (2), 175–191. DOI: 10.3758/BF03193146.
13.Gajdosik, R.L., Bohannon, R.W. (1987). Clinical measurement of range of motion. Review of goniometry emphasizing reliability and validity. Physical Therapy, 67 (12), 1867–1872. DOI: 10.1093/ptj/67.12.1867.
14.Gwet, K.L. (2008). Computing inter‐rater reliability and its variance in the presence of high agreement. British Journal of Mathematical & Statistical Psychology, 61 (1), 29–48. DOI: 10.1348/000711006X126600.
15.Haff, G., Triplett, N.T., National Strength & Conditioning Association. (2016). Essentials of strength training and conditioning (Fourth ed.). Human Kinetics.
16.Hartmann, H., Wirth, K., Klusemann, M., Dalic, J., Matuschek, C., Schmidtbleicher, D. (2012). Influence of Squatting Depth on Jumping Performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26 (12), 3243–3261. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31824ede62.
17.Hopkins, W. (2015). Spreadsheets for analysis of validity and reliability by linear regression. Sportscience, 19, 36–42.
18.Hopkins, W.G., Marshall, S.W., Batterham, A.M., Hanin, J. (2009). Progressive Statistics for Studies in Sports Medicine and Exercise Science. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41 (1), 3–12. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818cb278.
19.Keogh, J.W.L., Cox, A., Anderson, S., Liew, B., Olsen, A., Schram, B., & Furness, J. (2019). Reliability and validity of clinically accessible smartphone applications to measure joint range of motion: A systematic review. PloS One, 14 (5), e0215806. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215806.
20.Kim, S., Kwon, O., Park, K., Jeon, I., Weon, J. (2015). Lower Extremity Strength and the Range of Motion in Relation to Squat Depth. Journal of Human Kinetics, 45 (1), 59–69. DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0007.
21.Koo, T.K., Li, M.Y. (2016). A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 15 (2), 155–163. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012.
22.Krause, D.A., Boyd, M.S., Hager, A.N., Smoyer, E.C., Thompson, A.T., Hollman, J.H. (2015). Reliability and accuracy of a goniometer mobile device application for video measurement of the functional movement screen deep squat test. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 10 (1), 37–44.
23.Lachenbruch, P.A., Cohen, J. (1989). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). American Statistical Association. DOI: 10.2307/2290095.
24.Legg, H.S., Glaister, M., Cleather, D.J., Goodwin, J.E. (2017). The effect of weightlifting shoes on the kinetics and kinematics of the back squat. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35 (5), 508–515. DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1175652.
25.List, R., Gulay, T., Stoop, M., Lorenzetti, S. (2013). Kinematics of the trunk and the lower extremities during restricted and unrestricted squats. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27 (6), 1529–1538. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182736034
26.Macrum, E., Bell, D.R., Boling, M., Lewek, M., Padua, D. (2012). Effect of limiting ankle-dorsiflexion range of motion on lower extremity kinematics and muscle-activation patterns during a squat. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 21 (2), 144–150. 2010-0070.
27.Martinez-Cava, A., Moran-Navarro, R., Sanchez-Medina, L., Gonzalez-Badillo, J.J., Pallares, J.G. (2019). Velocity- and power-load relationships in the half, parallel and full back squat. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37 (10), 1088–1096. DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1544187.
28.Mehta, S.P., Bremer, H., Cyrus, H., Milligan, A., Oliashirazi, A. (2021). Smartphone goniometer has excellent reliability between novice and experienced physical therapists in assessing knee range of motion. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 25, 67–74. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.11.021.
29.Milanese, S., Gordon, S., Buettner, P., Flavell, C., Ruston, S., Coe, D., O'Sullivan, W., McCormack, S. (2014). Reliability and concurrent validity of knee angle measurement: Smart phone app versus universal goniometer used by experienced and novice clinicians. Manual Therapy, 19 (6), 569–574. DOI: 10.1016/j.math.2014.05.009.
30.Mills, K. (2015). Motion analysis in the clinic: There's an app for that. Journal of Physiotherapy, 61 (1), 49–50. DOI: 10.1016/j.jphys.2014.11.014.
31.Mohammad, W.S., Elattar, F.F., Elsais, W.M., AlDajah, S.O. (2021). Validity and Reliability of a Smartphone and Digital Inclinometer in Measuring the Lower Extremity Joints Range of Motion. Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 10 (2), 47–52. DOI: 10.26773/mjssm.210907.
32.Mousavi, S.H., Hijmans, J.M., Moeini, F., Rajabi, R., Ferber, R., van der Worp, H., Zwerver, J. (2020). Validity and reliability of a smartphone motion analysis app for lower limb kinematics during treadmill running. Physical Therapy in Sport: Official Journal of the Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Sports Medicine, 43, 27–35. S1466-853X(19)30572-3.
33.Myer, G.D., Paterno, M.V., Ford, K.R., Hewett, T.E. (2008). Neuromuscular training techniques to target deficits before return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22 (3), 987–1014. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31816a86cd.
34.Norkin, C.C., White, D.J. (2009). Measurement of joint motion; a guide to goniometry, 4th ed. Ringgold, Inc.
35.Olson, T.J., Chebny, C., Willson, J. D., Kernozek, T.W., Straker, J.S. (2011). Comparison of 2D and 3D kinematic changes during a single leg step down following neuromuscular training. Physical Therapy in Sport, 12 (2), 93–99. DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2010.10.002.
36.Pipkin, A., Kotecki, K., Hetzel, S., Heiderscheit, B. (2016). Reliability of a Qualitative Video Analysis for Running. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 46 (7), 556–561. DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2016.6280.
37.Rabin, A., Einstein, O., Kozol, Z. (2018). Agreement Between Visual Assessment and 2-Dimensional Analysis During Jump Landing Among Healthy Female Athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 53 (4), 386–394. DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-237-16.
38.Rhea, M.R., Kenn, J.G., Peterson, M.D., Massey, D., Simão, R., Marin, P.J., Favero, M., Cardozo, D., Krein, D. (2016). Joint-Angle Specific Strength Adaptations Influence Improvements in Power in Highly Trained Athletes. Human Movement, 17 (1), 43–49. DOI: 10.1515/humo-2016-0006.
39.Roebroeck M.E, Harlaar J, Lankhorst G.J. (1993). The application of generalizability theory to reliability assessment: an illustration using isometric force measurements. Physical Therapy, 73 (6), 386–401.
40.Romero-Franco, N., Jiménez-Reyes, P., González-Hernández, J.M., Fernández-Domínguez, J. C. (2020). Assessing the concurrent validity and reliability of an iPhone application for the measurement of range of motion and joint position sense in knee and ankle joints of young adults. Physical Therapy in Sport, 44, 136–142. DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.05.003.
41.Schmitt, J S., Di Fabio, R.P. (2004). Reliable change and minimum important difference (MID) proportions facilitated group responsiveness comparisons using individual threshold criteria. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 57 (10), DOI: 1008–1018. S0895435604000666.
42.Schoenfeld, B.J. (2010). Squatting Kinematics and Kinetics and Their Application to Exercise Performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24 (12), 3497–3506. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181bac2d7.
43.Schurr, S.A., Marshall, A.N., Resch, J.E., Saliba, S.A. (2017). Two-Dimensional Video Analysis is Comparable to 3d Motion Capture in Lower Extremity Movement Assessment. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 12 (2), 163–172.
44.Sheerin, K., Kendall, K. D., Ferber, R. (2009). Measurement error of rearfoot kinematics during running between a 100Hz and 30Hz camera: original research article. International Sportmed Journal for FIMS, 10 (3), 152–162.
45.Shrout, P.E., Fleiss, J.L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86 (2), 420–428. DOI: 10.1037//0033-2909.86.2.420.
46.Sinclair, J., McCarthy, D., Bentley, I., Hurst, H.T., Atkins, S. (2015). The influence of different footwear on 3-D kinematics and muscle activation during the barbell back squat in males. European Journal of Sport Science, 15 (7), 583–590. DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2014.965752.
47.Svensson, M., Lind, V., Löfgren Harringe, M. (2019). Measurement of knee joint range of motion with a digital goniometer: A reliability study. Physiotherapy Research International: The Journal for Researchers and Clinicians in Physical Therapy, 24 (2), e1765-n/a. DOI: 10.1002/pri.1765.
48.Vohralik, S.L., Bowen, A.R., Burns, J., Hiller, C.E., Nightingale, E.J. (2015). Reliability and validity of a smartphone app to measure joint range. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 94 (4), 325–330. DOI: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000000221.
49.Weiler, R. (2016). Übersense coach app for sport medicine? slow motion video analysis (mobile app user guide). British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50 (4), 255–256.
50.Whiteley, R. (2015). Coach's eye. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49 (20), 1349–094656. Epub 2015 Jun 5. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-094656.
51.Wirth, K., Hartmann, H., Sander, A., Mickel, C., Szilvas, E., Keiner, M. (2016). The Impact of Back Squat and Leg-Press Exercises on Maximal Strength and Speed-Strength Parameters. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30 (5), 1205–1212. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001228.
52.Vercelli, S., Sartorio, F., Bravini, E., Ferriero, G. (2017). DrGoniometer: A reliable smartphone app for joint angle measurement. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51 (23), 1703–1704.
53.Zawadka, M., Smolka, J., Skublewska-Paszkowska, M., Lukasik, E., Gawda, P. (2020). How Are Squat Timing and Kinematics in The Sagittal Plane Related to Squat Depth? Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 19 (3), 500–507.