Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine


ISSN: 2300-9705     eISSN: 2353-2807    OAI    DOI: 10.18276/cej.2023.1-07
CC BY-SA   Open Access   DOAJ  DOAJ

Issue archive / Vol. 41, No. 1/2023
The Popular Ergogenic Substances in Sport and Physical Activity

Authors: Katarzyna Świtała ORCID
Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Poland
Keywords: β-alanine caffeine creatine monohydrate creatine malate sodium bicarbonate
Data publikacji całości:2023
Page range:12 (69-80)
Cited-by (Crossref) ?:

Abstract

Few supplements have a scientifically proven ergogenic effects of improving exercise capacity and/or physical performance in sport. The athletes require specialised nutrition, including precisely good quality supplementation, i.e. scientifically tested. Nowadays, more and more athletes use nutritional supplementation to improve their sporting performance both at the elite and non-elite levels. In this review, ergogenic substances such as the β-alanine, caffeine, creatine monohydrate, creatine malate, sodium bicarbonate were analysed among athletes/active people from an exercise and health capacity perspective. The aim of this review is to analyse the efficacy, mechanisms of action, dosage, side effects of the selected ergogenic substances, among athletes involved in physical effort/specific sport disciplines. Furthermore, the article will show the benefits of using these supplements in terms of health as well as improvement of exercise capacity among athletes.
Download file

Article file

Bibliography

1.Andrews, K. W., Schweitzer, A., Zhao, C., Holden, J .M., Roseland, J .M., Brandt, … Douglass, L. (2007). The caffeine contents of dietary supplements commonly purchased in the US: Analysis of 53 products with caffeine-containing ingredients. Analytical Bioanalytical Chemistry, 389, 231–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-007-1437-2
2.Antonio, J., Candowa, D .G., Forbes, S. C., Gualano, B., Jagima, A. R., Kreidera, R. B., … Ziegenfuss, T N. (2021). Common questions and misconceptions about creatine supplementation: What does the scientific evidence really show? Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 18, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-021-00412-w
3.Applegate, E. (1999). Effective nutritional ergogenic aids. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 9, 229–239. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.9.2.229
4.Australian Institute of Sport, Australian Government, Australian Sports Comission, (2022). Retrieved from https://www.ais.gov.au/nutrition/supplements/group_a
5.Bailey, R. L., Saldanha, L. G., & Dwyer, J. T. (2014). Estimating caffeine intake from energy drinks and dietary supplements in the United States. Nutrition reviews, 72(1), 9–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/nure.12138
6.Bishop, D., Edge, J., Davis, C., & Goodman, C. (2004). Induced metabolic alkalosis affects muscle metabolism and repeated-sprint ability. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36:807–813. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000126392.20025.17
7.Blanchard J., & Sawers S. J. (1983). The absolute bioavailability of caffeine in man, European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 24(1), 93–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00613933
8.Boldyrev, A. A., Aldini, G., & Derave, W. (2013). Physiology and pathophysiology of carnosine. Physiological Reviews, 93(4), 1803–1845. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00039.2012
9.Brooks, J. H., Wyld, K., & Chrismas, B. C. (2016). Caffeine supplementation as an ergogenic aid for muscular strength and endurance: a recommendation for coaches and athletes. Journal of Athletic Enhancement, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.4172/2324-9080.1000235
10.Brosnan, J. T, Silva, R. P., & Brosnan, M. E. (2011). The metabolic burden of creatine synthesis. Amino Acids, 40(5), 1325–1331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-011-0853-y
11.Burke, D. G., Chilibeck, P. D., Parise, G., Candow, D. G., Mahoney, D., & Tarnopolsky, M. (2003). Effect of creatine and weight training on muscle creatine and performance in vegetarians. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35, 1946–1955. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000093614.17517.79
12.Caballero, B., Finglas, P., & Toldra, F. (2015). Encyclopedia of Food and Health. Elsevier Science, p. 561. ISBN 978-0-12-384953-3; accessed 7th of October 2022.
13.Camfield, D. A., Stough, C., Farrimond, J., & Scholey, A. B. (2014). Acute effects of tea constituents L-theanine, caffeine, and epigallocatechin gallate on cognitive function and mood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition Reviews, 72 (8), 507–522. https://doi.org/10.1111/nure.12120. PMID 24946991
14.Carr, A. I., Gore, C. J., & Dawson, B. (2011) Induced alkalosis and caffeine supplementation: effects on 2,000-m rowing performance. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 21(5), 357–364 https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.21.5.357
15.Cooper, R., Naclerio, F., Allgrove, J., & Jimenez, A. (2022). Creatine supplementation with specific view to exercise/sports performance: An update. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 9, 33–43, https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-9-33
16.Dennig, H., Talbott, J. H., Edwards, H.T., & Dill, D. B. (1931). Effect of acidosis and alkalosis upon capacity for work. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 9(4), 601–613. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI100324
17.Dunnett, M., & Harris, R. C. (1999). Influence of oral beta-alanine and L-histidine supplementation on the carnosine content of the gluteus medius. Equine Veterinary Journal, 30, 499–504. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05273.x
18.European Food Safety Authority. (2015). Scientific and technical assistance on food intended for sportspeople. EFSA Supporting Publications. https://doi.org/10.2903/sp.efsa.2015.EN-871
19.European Food Safety Authority. (2011). Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to creatine and increase in physical performance during short-term, high intensity, repeated exercise bouts (ID 739, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1523, 1525, 1526, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1922, 1923, 1924), increase in endurance capacity (ID 1527, 1535), and increase in endurance performance (ID 1521, 1963) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2303
20.European Food Safety Authority. (2006). Opinion of the scientific panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food on a request from the commission related to "calcium, magnesium and zinc malate added for nutritional purposes to food supplements as sources for calcium, magnesium and zinc and to calcium malate added for nutritional purposes to foods for particular nutritional uses and foods intended for the general population as source for calcium". EFSA Journal, 391a,b,c,d, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2006.391a
21.Fazio, C., Elder, C. L., & Harris, M. M. (2022). Efficacy of alternative forms of creatine supplementation on improving performance and body composition in healthy subjects: A systematic review. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Review, 36(9), 2663–2670. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003873
22.Glaister, M., Towey, C., Jeffries, O., Muniz-Pumares, D., Foley, P.,& McInness, G. (2018). Caffeine and Sprint Cycling Performance: Effects of Torque Factor and Sprint Duration. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 14(4), 426–431. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0458
23.Goldstein, E. R., Ziegenfuss, T., Kalman, D., Kreider, R., Campbell, B., Wilborn, C., … Antonio, J. (2010). International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and performance, Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 7(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-7-5
24.Graham, T. E., Hibbert, E., & Sathasivam, P. (1998). Metabolic and exercise endurance effects of coffee and caffeine ingestion. Journal of Applied Physiology, 85(3), 883–889. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.85.3.883
25.Graham, T. E., & Spriet, L. L. (1995). Metabolic, catecholamine, and exercise performance responses to various doses of caffeine. Journal of Applied Physiology, 78, 867–874. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.78.3.867
26.Grgic. J., & Mikulic, P. (2017). Caffeine ingestion acutely enhances muscular strength and power but not muscular endurance in resistance-trained men. European Journal of Sport Science, 17(8), 1029–1036. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2017.1330362
27.25. Grgic, J., Pedisic, Z., Saunders, B., Artioli, G. G., Schoenfeld, B. J, McKenna, M. J., … Campbell, B. I. (2021). International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: sodium bicarbonate and exercise performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 9;18(1), 61. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-021-00458-w
28.Grgic, J., Pickering, C., Bishop, D. J., Coso, J.D., Schoenfeld, J.B., Tinsley, G.M., & Pedisic, Z. (2020). ADORA2A C Allele Carriers Exhibit Ergogenic Responses to Caffeine Supplementation. Nutrients, 12(3), 741. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030741
29.Grgic, J., Rodriguez, R. F, Garofolini, A., Saunders, B., Bishop, D. J., Schoenfeld, B. J., & Pedisic, Z. (2020). Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on Muscular Strength and Endurance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 50(7), 1361–1375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01275-y
30.Gulewitsch, W. S., & Amiradzhibi, S. (1900). Uber der carnosin, eine neue organische base des fleischextrakten. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 33, 1902–1903. https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.19000330275
31.Guney, Y., Ozel-Turkcu, U., Hicsonmez, A., Andrieu, M.N., Guney, H. Z., Bilgihan, A., & Kurtman, C. (2006). Carnosine may reduce lung injury caused by radiation therapy. Medicine Hypotheses, 66(5), 957–959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2005.11.023
32.Harland, B. F. (2000). Caffeine and nutrition. Nutrition, 16(7-8), 522–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0899-9007(00)00369-5
33.Harris, R. C., Tallon, M. J., Dunnett, M., Boobis, L., Coakley, J., Fallowfield, J.L., … Wise, J.A. (2006). The absorption of orally supplied β-alanine and its effect on muscle carnosine synthesis in human vastus lateralis. Amino Acids, 30(3), 279–289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-006-0299-9
34.Hespel, P., Op’t Eijnde B., Leemputte, M., Ursø, B., Greenhaff, P .L., Labarque, V., … Richter, E. A. (2001). Oral creatine supplementation facilitates the rehabilitation of disuse atrophy and alters the expression of muscle myogenic factors in humans. Journal of Physiology, 536, 625–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.0625c.xd
35.Hoffman, J., Ratamess, N., Kang, J., Mangine, G., Faigenbaum, A., & Stout J. (2006). Effect of creatine and beta-alanine supplementation on performance and endocrine responses in strength/power athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 16, 430–446. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.16.4.430
36.Iraki, J., Fitschen, P., Espinar, S., Helms, E. (2019). Nutrition Recommendations for Bodybuilders in the Off-Season: A Narrative Review. Sports (Basel), 26;7(7), 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7070154
37.Kalmar, J. M., Cafarelli, E. (1999). Effects of caffeine on neuromuscular function. Journal of Applied Physiology, 87, 801–808. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.87.2.801
38.Kaplan, G. B., Greenblatt, D. J., Ehrenberg, B. L., Goddard, J. E., Cotreau, M. M., Harmatz, J. S., & Shader, R. I. (1997). Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics and psychomotor effects of caffeine in humans. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 37(8), 693–703. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1552-4604.1997.tb04356.x
39.Kendrick, I. P., Kim, H. J., Harris, R. C., Kim, C. K., Dang, V. H., Lam, T. Q., … Wise, J. A. (2009). The effect of 4 weeks beta-alanine supplementation and isokinetic training on carnosine concentrations in type I and II human skeletal muscle fibres. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 106(1), 131–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-009-0998-5
40.Kerksick, C. M., Wilborn, C. D., Roberts, M. D., Smith-Ryan, A., Kleiner, S. M., Jäger, R., … Kreider, R.B. (2018). ISSN exercise and sports nutrition review update: research and recommendations. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 15, 38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y
41.Knapik, J. J., Steelman, R. A., Hoedebecke, S. S., Austin, K. G., Farina, E. K., & Lieberman, H. R. (2016). Prevalence of dietary supplement use by athletes: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 46(1), 103–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0387-7
42.Kot, M.,& Daniel, W. A. (2008). Caffeine as a marker substrate for testing cytochrome P450 activity in human and rat. Pharmacological Reports, 60(6), 789–797
43.Kreider, R. B. (2003). Effects of creatine supplementation on performance and training adaptations. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 244(1–2), 89–94. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022465203458
44.Kreider, R. B., Kalman, D. S., Antonio, J., Ziegenfuss, T. N., Wildman, R., Collins, R., … Lopez, H. L. (2017). International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: Safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 14,18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0173-z
45.Loy, B. D., O’Connor, P. J., Lindheimer J. B., & Covert, S. F. (2015). Cafeine is ergogenic for adenosine A2A receptor gene (ADORA2A) T allele homozygotes: a pilot study. Journal of Caffeine Research, 5(2), 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1089/jcr.2014.0035
46.Łuszczyńska, A., & Abraham, Ch. (2012). Reciprocal relationships between three aspects of physical self-concept, vigorous physical activity, and lung function: A longitudinal study among late adolescents. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(5), 640–648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.04.003
47.Maughan, R. J., Burke, L.M ., Dvorak, J., Larson-Meyer, D. E., Peeling, P., Phillips, S. M., … Engebretsen, L., (2018). IOC consensus statement: dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(7), 439–455. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099027
48.Mero, A. A., Hirvonen P., Saarela J., Hulmi J. J., Hoffman J. R., & Stout J. R. (2013). Effect of sodium bicarbonate and beta-alanine supplementation on maximal sprint swimming. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 10(1), 52. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-10-52
49.Mihic, S., MacDonald, J. R., McKenzie, S., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2000). Acute creatine loading increases fat-free mass, but does not affect blood pressure, plasma creatinine, or CK activity in men and women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32, 291–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200002000-00007
50.Mueller, S. M., Gehrig, S. M., Frese, S., Wagner, C. A., Boutellier, U., & Toigo M. (2013). Multiday acute sodium bicarbonate intake improves endurance capacity and reduces acidosis in men. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 10(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-10-16
51.Nehlig, A., Daval, J. L., & Debry, G. (1992). Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects. Brain Research Reviews, 17(2), 139–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0173(92)90012-b
52.Ng, R. H., & Marshall, F. D. (1978). Regional and subcellular distribution of homocarnosine-carnosine synthetase in the central nervous system of rats. Journal of Neurochemistry, 30, 187–190 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1978.tb07051.x
53.Osterman, S., Gray, V. B., Loy, M., Coffey, A. B., Smallwood, K., & Barrack., M. T. (2020). Prioritized dietary supplement information needs of 307 NCAA division I student athletes. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 52(9), 867–873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2020.01.007
54.Ostojic, S .M., & Ahmetovic, Z. (2007). Gastrointestinal Distress After Creatine Supplementation in Athletes: Are Side Effects Dose Dependent? Research in Sports Medicine, 16(1), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438620701693280
55.Persky, A. M., Brazeau G. A. (2001). Clinical pharmacology of the dietary supplement creatine monohydrate. Pharmacological Review, 53(2),161–176
56.Potgieter, S., Wright, H. H., Smith, C. (2018). Caffeine Improves Triathlon Performance: A Field Study in Males and Females. Inter. Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(3), 228–237. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0165
57.Reng, R. (2015). Robert Enke Life let out of his hands. Krakow: SQN Publishing House.
58.Runge, F. F. (1820). Neueste phytochemische Entdeckungen zur Begründung einer wissenschaftlichen Phytochemie. (Latest phytochemical discoveries for the founding of a scientific phytochemistry). Berlin: G. Reimer, pp. 144–159.
59.Sadikali, F., Darwish R., & Watson, W. C. (1975). Carnosinase activity of human gastrointestinal mucosa. Gut, 16, 585–589. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.16.8.585
60.Sale, C., Artioli, G.G ., Gualano, B., Saunders, B., Hobson, R. M., & Harris, R. C. (2013). Carnosine: from exercise performance to health. Amino Acids, 44, 1477–1491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-013-1476-2
61.Salomons, G. S., Wyss, M. (Eds.). (2007). Creatine and creatine kinase in health and disease. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6486-9
62.Saunders, B., Elliott-Sale, K., Artioli, G. G., Swinton, P. A., Dolan, E., Roschel, H., … Gualano, B. (2017). β-alanine supplementation to improve exercise capacity and performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(8), 658–669. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096396
63.Spriet, L. L. (1995). Caffeine and performance. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 5:S84–S99. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.5.s1.s84
64.Stecker, R. A., Harty, P. S., Jagim, A. R., Candow, D. G.,& Kerksick., C.M. (2019). Timing of ergogenic aids and micronutrients on muscle and exercise performance, Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition., 16(1)37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-019-0304-9
65.Stellingwerff, T., Anwander, H., Egger, A., Buehler, T., Kreis, R., Decombaz, J., & Boesch, Ch. (2012). Effect of two β-alanine dosing protocols on muscle carnosine synthesis and washout. Amino Acids, 42, 2461–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-011-1054-4
66.Sterkowicz, S., Tyka, A. K., Chwastowski, M., Sterkowicz-Przybycień, K., Tyka, A., & Klys, A. (2012). The effects of training and creatine malate supplementation during preparation period on physical capacity and special fitness in judo contestants. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 9, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-9-41
67.Tarnopolsky, M., & Cupido, C. (2000). Caffeine potentiates low frequency skeletal muscle force in habitual and nonhabitual caffeine consumers. Journal of Applied Physiology, 89, 1719–1724. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.89.5.1719
68.Thomas, D. T., Erdman, K .A., & Burke, L. M. (2016). Nutrition and Athletic Performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 48(3), 543–568. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000852
69.Trexler, E. T., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Stout, J. R., Hoffman, J. R., Wilborn, C. D., Sale, C., … Antonio, J. (2015). International society of sports nutrition position stand: Beta-Alanine. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition., 12, 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-015-0090-y
70.Turnes, T., Cruz, R.S. O., Caputo, F., De Aguiar, R. A. (2019). The Impact of Preconditioning Strategies Designed to Improve 2000-m Rowing Ergometer Performance in Trained Rowers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 14(7), 871-879. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0247
71.Tyka, A. K., Chwastowski, M., Cison, T., Pałka, T., Tyka, A., Szygula, Z., … Cepero, M. (2015). Effect of creatine malate supplementation on physical performance, body composition and selected hormone levels in spinters and long-distance runners. Acta Physiologica Hungarica, 102(1), 114–122. https://doi.org/10.1556/APhysiol.102.2015.1.12
72.Vega, J.,& Huidobro, E. J. P. (2019). Effects of creatine supplementation on renal function. Revista Medica de Chile, 147(5), 628-633. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0034-98872019000500628
73.Wikoff, D., Welsh, B. T., Henderson, R., Brorby, G. P., Britt, J., Myers, E., … Doepker, C. (2017). Systematic review of the potential adverse effects of caffeine consumption in healthy adults, pregnant women, adolescents, and children. Food and chemical toxicology,19(1), 585–648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2017.04.002
74.Womack, C. J., Saunders, M. J., Bechtel, M. K., Bolton, D. J., Martin, M., Luden, N. D., … Hancock, M. (2012). The influence of a CYP1A2 polymorphism on the ergogenic effects of caffeine. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 15:9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-9-7
75.Zoeller, R. F., Stout, J. R., O'Kroy, J. A., Torok, D. J., & Mielke, M. (2007). Effects of 28 days of beta-alanine and creatine monohydrate supplementation on aerobic power, ventilatory and lactate thresholds, and time to exhaustion. Amino Acids, 33(3), 505-510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-006-0399-6