Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine


ISSN: 2300-9705     eISSN: 2353-2807    OAI    DOI: 10.18276/cej.2017.2-09
CC BY-SA   Open Access   DOAJ  DOAJ

Issue archive / Vol. 18, No. 2/2017
The Differences between Teams in Men’s and Women’s Medallists and Non-medallists at the 1996–2016 Olympic Games Artistic Gymnastics Tournament

Authors: Almir Atiković
Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Sunčica Delaš Kalinski
Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Croatia

Emilija Petković
Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Serbia

Ivan Čuk
Keywords: Olympic Games artistic gymnastics t-test trend
Whole issue publication date:2017
Page range:9 (89-97)
Cited-by (Crossref) ?:

Abstract

The aim of this study is to determine the differences between the medallists and non-medallists in male and female artistic gymnastics at the Olympic Games from 1996 to 2016. Basic procedures: Data concerning the athletes were obtained from the “Official documents of the International Olympic Committee” which include the athlete’s date of birth and date of competing. The total number of analysed OG participants in men’s artistic gymnastics amounted to n = 419 and the women’s artistic gymnastics was n = 417. Main findings: With men the t test for small independent samples has determined statistically significant differences between medallists and other competitors in 2000 and 2012. Among women no significant statistical differences have been found in all the mentioned variables. Conclusions: The differences between male medallists and non-medallists are manifested through the age of the competitors: 2.57 years in 2000 and 3.57 years in 2012. Compared to other OG a higher level of homogeneity and smaller age difference is noticeable. In difference to men, women had no similar differences within a period of 20 years. In artistic gymnastics in the last couple of years there is a recurring trend of a late specialisation because with each new scoring Code of Points the conditions demanded from the competitors become harder.
Download file

Article file

Bibliography

1.Anderson, V. (1997). Female gymnasts: older and healthier? The Physician and Sports Medicine, 23 (3), 1–3.
2.Arkaev, L.I., Suchilin, N.G. (2004). How to Create Champions. Oxford, UK: Meyer & Meyer Sport.
3.Atiković, A. (2014). Development and Analysis Code of Points (COP) in Men’s Artistic Gymnastics (MAG) from the 1964 to 2013 year. In: M. Bučar Pajek et al. (eds.), Final program, invited proceedings, book of abstracts and book of proceedings (pp. 22–35). Ljubljana: Slovenian Gymnastics Federation.
4.Balyi, I., Cardinal, C., Higgs, C., Norris, S., Way, R. (2005). Canadian sport for life: Long-term athlete development resource paper V2. Vancouver, BC: Canadian Sport Centres.
5.Baxter-Jones, A.D., Helms, P., Maffulli, N., Baines-Preece, J.C., Preece, M. (1995). Growth and development of male gymnasts, swimmers, soccer and tennis players: a longitudinal study. Ann Hum Biol, 22 (5), 381–394.
6.Bompa, T. (1999), Periodization: theory and methodology of training (4th ed.). Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics.
7.Caine, D.J., Lindner, K.J. (1985). Overuse injuries of growing bones: the young female gymnast at risk? Physician and Sportsmedicine, 13, 51–64.
8.Claessens, A.L. (2007). Growth and maturity status of elite female gymnasts: state of the art. In: Proceedings of the 10th sport kinetics conference (lecture). Belgrade.
9.Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
10.Čuk, I., Karácsony, I. (2002). Rings – Methods, Ideas, Curiosities, History. USA: Paul Ziert and Associates.
11.Čuk, I., Korenčić, T., Tomazo-Ravnik, T., Peček, M., Bučar, M., Hraski, Ž. (2007). Differencies in morphologic characteristics between top level gymnasts of year 1933 and 2000. Coll Antropol, 31 (2), 613–619.
12.Damsgaard, R., Bencke, J., Matthiesen, G., Petersen, J.H., Muller, J. (2001). Body proportions, body composition and pubertal development in competitive sports. Scandian J Med Science Sports, 11 (1), 54–60.
13.Hofmann, D. (1999). The use of methodical training equipment (“aids”) for the development of the prerequisites (flexibility, strenght, basic skills) and the limitation of the loads on the support – and motor system. Paper presented at the FIG Medico Technical Symposium – Apparatus and Injuries, Tianjin.
14.Malina, R.M. (2010). Early sport specialization: roots, effectiveness, risks. Curr Sports Med Rep, 9 (6), 364–371.
15.Malina, R.M., Baxter-Jones, A.D.G., Armstrong, N., Beunen, G.P., Caine, D., Daly, R.M., Lewis, R.D., Rogol, A.D., Russell, K. (2013). Role of Intensive Training in the Growth and Maturation of Artistic Gymnasts. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 43 (9), 783–802.
16.M cCready, R. (2016). For Olympic Athletes, Is 30 the New 20? Retrieved from: https://venngage.com/blog/olympics (28.07.2016).
17.Možnik, M., Hraski, Ž., Hraski, M. (2013). Height, weight and age of male top-level gymnasts in year 2007 and 2011. Croat Sports Med J, 28 (1), 14–23.
18.Official Website of the Olympic Games Results. Male and Female Artistic Gymnasts 2004–2016. Retrieved from: https://www.olympic. org/olympic-results (1.09.2016).
19.Paul, J. (2010). Age minimums in the sport of women’s artistic gymnastics. Willamette Sports Law Journal, 7, (2), 73–90.
20.Rozin, E.J., Čeburaev, V.S. (1981). Vozrastnie i rosto-vesovie pokazateli učastnikov XXII olimpijskih igr Gimnastika I [in Russian]. Fiskultura i Sport, 1, 35–39.
21.Sands, W.A., Slater, C., McNeal, J.R., Murray, S.R., Stone, M.H. (2012). Historical trends in the size of US Olympic female artistic gymnasts. Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 7 (4), 350–356.
22.Sawilowsky, S.S. (2009). New effect size rules of thumb. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 8 (2), 597–599. Retrieved from: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/coe_tbf/4.
23.Schmider, E., Ziegler, M., Danay, E., Beyer, L., Buhner, M. (2010). Is it really robust? Reinvestigating the robustness of ANOVA against violations of the normal distribution assumption. Methodology: European Journal of Research Methods for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 6, 147–151.
24.Škerlj, B. (1934). SOKO Sokolski Vestnik, 4, 211–217.
25.The Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique – FIG (2017). Code of Points for Men’s Artistic Gymnastics. Moutier (V1).