ISSN: 2450-775X
OAI
DOI: 10.18276/miz.2017.50-06
Issue archive /
nr 4 (50) 2017
A Public Management Framework for Wireless Broadband Development in Rural Sub-Saharan Africa
| Authors: |
Idongesit
Williams
CMI, Aalborg University, Denmark Morten Falch CMI, Aalborg University, Denmark Reza Tadayoni CMI, Aalborg University, Denmark |
| Keywords: | public management new public management PPP rural broadband management framework |
| Whole issue publication date: | 2017 |
| Page range: | 28 (89-116) |
| Klasyfikacja JEL: | O18 R53 P43 H70 |
Abstract
This paper identifies potential public and private stakeholders needed to help rural communities deliver wireless broadband infrastructure in sub-Saharan Africa. These rural areas are not commercially viable for mobile broadband cellular networks. However, few rural communities in the region have attempted to develop Wi-Fi networks. Few have succeeded and some have failed. A public Public-Private Partnership framework that can be customized to deliver and provide sustenance to these initiatives may hold the answer to curb the failure of such initiatives. This study adopts the stakeholder theory of identification and salience on 6 community-based initiatives in developed and developing countries to find out different stakeholder arrangements in these cases. Based on the findings, the interpretive phenomenological analysis is used to explain how the findings could be utilized by the public sector agencies in Africa to help rural communities develop sustainable Wi-Fi networks. The paper concludes that a triangular relationship between the community, the public sector agency, and attractive incentives for each stakeholder, can serve as the basis for organizing such stakeholders to aid the community develop the networks.
Download file
Article file
Bibliography
| 1. | Adam, L. (2009). Overview of Fiber-optic infrastructure opportunities in the UbuntuNet Region. Canada: International Development Research Centre. |
| 2. | Bagga, R.K. (2008). Compendium of e-governance initiatives in India. India: Universities Press. |
| 3. | Balancing Act Africa (2014). Vodacom launches 3G: Throws down gauntlet with video calls deal. Balancing ACT Africa, Telecoms EN, 239. Retrieved from: www.balancingact-africa.com/ news/telecoms_en/8172/vodacom-launches-3g-throws-down-gauntlet-with-video-calls-deal (10.09.2016). |
| 4. | Bedi, I.S., Brown, I., Gasser, U., Wanjau, M., Webb, M. (2016). Trends in Telecommunications Reform 2016 Regulatory Incentives ato Achieve Digital opportunities. Genevea: ITU. Retrieved from: http://wftp3.itu.int/pub/epub_shared/BDT/2016/2016-Trends/flipviewerxpress.html. |
| 5. | BOCRA (2016). Telecoms Statistics. Botswana Communications Regulations Authority. Retrieved from: www.bocra.org.bw/telecoms-statistics. |
| 6. | BOFINET (2016). Botswana Fiber Networks. Retrieved from: www.bofinet.co.bw/home/about-us (30.09.2016). |
| 7. | Broadband Commission (2015). Broadband Annual Report. Retrieved from: www.broadbandcommission.org/documents/reports/bb-annualreport2015.pdf (16.09.2016). |
| 8. | Broadband Commission (2016). The state of Broadband: Broadband catalyzing sustainable development. ITU, UNESCO. Retrieved from: www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/opb/pol/S-POLBROADBAND.17-2016-PDF-E.pdf. |
| 9. | Carter, K.R., Lahjouji, A., McNeil, N. (2003). Unlicenced and unshakled: A joint OSP=OET white paper on unlicensed devices and their regulatory issues. OSP Working Papers, May, 1‒43. |
| 10. | CISCO (2008). Fiber types in gigabit optical communications. Retrieved from: www.cisco.com/c/ en/us/products/collateral/interfaces-modules/transceiver-modules/white_paper_c11-463661. pdf (16.09.2016). |
| 11. | Cook, J. (2007). US PPP Market on the Upswing: Some thoughts from abroad. IP3’s Public Private partnership Information Series, April, 1‒5. |
| 12. | eGOV (2016). Setting Benchmark in Service delivery. eGOV Magazine. Retrieved from: http://egov. eletsonline.com/2016/04/setting-benchmark-in-service-delivery (8.10.2016). |
| 13. | EPEC (2012). Broadband delivering Next generation access through PPP. Luxembourg: European PPP Expertise Centre. |
| 14. | EU Africa Infrastructura Trust Fund (2016). Seychelles East Africa Submarine Cable. Retrieved from: www.eu-africa-infrastructure-tf.net/activities/grants/seychelles-east-africa-submarine- cable.htm (9.09.2016). |
| 15. | Feijoo, C., Gomez-Barroso, J., Bohlin, E. (2011). Public Support for the deployment of Next Generation Access Networks -Common themes, methodological caveats and further research. Telecommunications Policy, 9‒10, 791–793. |
| 16. | Foucault, M. (1982). The Subject and Power. Critical Inquiry, 8 (4), 777‒795. |
| 17. | Freeman, E.R. (1984). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Boston: Pitman. |
| 18. | Frempong, G., Braimah, I. (2008). Assessing UNiversal Access to ICT in Ghana. In C.V. Slyke, Information Communication Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications (6 Volumes) (pp. 1976‒1985). Hershley: IGI . |
| 19. | FttH Council Europe (2015). FTTH Subscribers in Europe: nearly 15 million homes! Retrieved from: www.ftthcouncil.eu/documents/PressReleases/2015/PR2015_FTTH_Subscribers.pdf (5.07.2016). |
| 20. | Gillwald, A., Milek, A., Stork, C. (2010). Towards evidence – based ICT POlicy and Regulation: Gender Assessment of ICT Access and Usage in Africa. Research ICT AFRICA. |
| 21. | Godlovitch, I., Henseler-Unger, I., Stumpf, U. (2015). Competition & investment: An analysis of the drivers of superfast broadband. Bad Honnef: Wik Consult. |
| 22. | GSMA (2013). Sub-Saharan Africa mobile economy. GSMA. |
| 23. | GSMA (2013). Survey of Universal Serivce Funds Key Findings. London: GSMA. |
| 24. | Hallaryd (2016). Hallarydsvagen Fiber. Retrieved from: Hallaryd Fiber: http://www.hallarydfiber. |
| 25. | se/ (23.09.2016) |
| 26. | Hearne, R. (2009). Origins, development and outcomes of Public Private Partnerships in Ireland: The case of PPPs in Social Housing Regeneration. Combat Poverty Agency working Paper Series, 09/07. |
| 27. | Hudson, H. (2014). Digital inclusion of indigenous populations: As consumers and privides of broadband services. PTC’14 New World, New Strategies. Retrieved from: www.ptc.org/ptc14/ images/papers/upload/Paper_TS14_Hudson_Heather.pdf (25.10.2014). |
| 28. | ICASA (2015). Independent Communications Authority of South Africa. August 18. Retrieved from: https://www.icasa.org.za/Portals/0/Newsfeeds/PresentaionICTsector.pdf |
| 29. | ICT regulation toolkit (2016). Public-Private Partnerships in the telecommunications and ICT sector. InfoDev. |
| 30. | Intel (2016). Diferent WiFi protocols and Data rates. March 14. Retrieved from: www.intel. |
| 31. | com/content/www/us/en/support/network-and-i-o/wireless-networking/000005725.html (16.09.2016). |
| 32. | ITU (2013). Universal service fund and digital inclusion for all study. Geneva: ITU. |
| 33. | ITU (2015). ICT Facts and Figures. Switzerland: ITU. |
| 34. | ITU (2016). ICT facts and figures 2016. Retrieved from: www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/ Documents/facts/ICTFactsFigures2016.pdf (16.09.2016). |
| 35. | Jamali, D. (2004). Success and failure mechanisms of public private partnerserships (PPPs) in Developing C: Insights from the Lebanese Context. The International Journal of Public Sector Management, 17 (5), 414‒430. |
| 36. | Kakekaspan, M., O’Donnell, S., Beaton, B., Walmark, B., Gibson, K. (2014). The first mile approach to community services in Fort Servern First Nation. The Journal of Community Informatics, 10 (2). |
| 37. | Krosinsky, K. (2013). Sustainable options for alleviating energy poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa: A theoretical evaluationi of community led renewable energy development. Brussels Journal of International Studies, 10 (2013), 106‒143. |
| 38. | Kushida, K.E. (2013). Public Private Interplay for Next Generation Access Networks: Lessons and Warnings from Japan’s Broadband Success. Communications and Strategies, 91, 13‒34. |
| 39. | Lindskog, H., Johansson, M. (2005). Broadband: A municipal Information Platform: Swedish experience. International Journal for Technology Management, 31 (1/2), 47‒62. |
| 40. | Mitchell, R.K., Agle, B.R., Wood, D.J. (1997). Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience:Defining the principle of who and what really counts. Academy of Management Review, 22 (4), 853‒886. |
| 41. | MRIC (2016). Magnolia Road Internet Coop Foresting Community Through Connectivity. Retrieved from: http://magnoliaroad.net/ (17.09.2016). |
| 42. | MTN Ghana (2016). MTN Launches First Nationwide On-The-Go 4G Service In Ghana. Retrieved from: www.mtn.com.gh/about-mtn/press/mtn-launches-first-nationwide-on-the-go-4g-service-in-ghana (26.09.2016). |
| 43. | NCC (2016). Subscriber Statistics. Nigerian Communications Commission. Retrieved from: www. ncc.gov.ng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=125&Itemid=67. |
| 44. | Ng, S.T., Wong, J.M., Wong, K.K. (2013). A Public Private People Partnerships process framework for infrastructure development. Cities, 31, 370‒381. |
| 45. | NTT (2010). World Record 69 Tetrabit capacity for Optical Transmission over a single optical fiber. March 25. Retrieved from: www.ntt.co.jp/news2010/1003e/100325a.html (16.09.2016). |
| 46. | Nungu, A., Brown, T., Pehrson, B. (2011). Challenges in sustaining municipal broadband networks in the developing world. In: J.J. Yonazi, E. Sedoyeka, E. Ariwa, E. El-Qawasmeh, e-Technologies and networks for development (p. 363). Heidelberg–Dordrecht–London–New York: Springer. |
| 47. | Pedersen, J.M., Riaz, T.M. (2009). Bringing Fiber to the Home to rural areas in Denmark. 2nd International Symposium on Applied Sciences in Biomedical Communication Technologies, 24 27 Nov 2009 (pp. 1‒6). Bratislava: IEEE. |
| 48. | POTRAZ (2016). Post and Telecoms Regulatory Authority of Zimbabwe. Retrieved from: www. potraz.gov.zw/images/documents/Sector_Perfomance_report_1st_Quarter_2016.pdf. |
| 49. | PRB (2016). 2016 World Population data sheet. Washington: Population Reference Bureau. |
| 50. | Rey-Morano, C., Graaf, M. (2016). Map of the community network initiatives in Africa. In: L. Belli, Community connectivity: building the internet from scratch (pp. 149‒169). Rio de Janerio: FVG Direito Rio. |
| 51. | Sadowski, B., Nucciarelli, A., de Rooij, M. (2009). Providing Incentives for Private Investment in Municipal Broadband Networks: Evidence from the Netherlands. Telecommunications Policy, 33 (10‒11), 582‒595. |
| 52. | Salemink, K., Bosworth, G. (2014). Investigating community-led broadband initiatives as a model for neo-endogenous development. Lincoln University UK. Retrieved from: http://eprints.lincoln. |
| 53. | ac.uk/14587/1/153_Salemink--Bosworth---Community-led-broadband.pdf (25.10.2014). |
| 54. | Savas, E.S. (2000). Privatization and Public Private Partnerships. New York: Seven Bridges Press. |
| 55. | Skouby, K.E., Williams, I. (2014). The African Mobile Story. Aalborg: River Publishers. |
| 56. | Tapia, A., Maitland, C., Stone, M. (2006). Making IT Work for municipalities: Building Municipal Wireless Networks. Government Information Quaterly, 23 (3‒4), 359‒380. |
| 57. | The World Bank. (2011). Public-Private Partnership in Telecommunications infrastructure projects: Case of Republic of Congo. Washington: World Bank. Retrieved from: https://openknowledge. worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/12540/687020ESW0P1220cover0PO1223950Congo.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (10.01.2016). |
| 58. | US Census Bureau (2010). American Fact finder. Retrieved from: http://factfinder2.census.gov/ faces/nav/jsf/pages/community_facts.xhtml (26.09.2014). |
| 59. | Williams, I. (2015). Analysis of Public private interplay frameworks in the development of rural telecommunications infrastructure: A multi-case study. Aalborg: Aalborg University Press. |
| 60. | Williams, I., Falch, M. (2012). Public Private Partnerships and Next Generation Networks. In: A.M. Hadjiantonis, B. Stiller, Telecommunication Economics, Lecture Notes in Computer Science volume 7216 (pp. 100‒107). Heidelberg: Springer . |
| 61. | Williams, I., Falch, M. (2014). PPPs and Future broadband development. Commonwealth Governance and Growth, 10, 67‒70. |
| 62. | Williams, I., Kwofie, B. (2014). The Impact of Liberalization on the Mobile in Africa: The cases of Nigeria, Ghana and Kenya. In: K.E. Skouby, I. Williams, The African Mobile Story (pp. 17‒40). Aalborg: River Publishers. |
| 63. | World Time Zone (2016). 4G LTE World Coverage Map ‒ LTE, WiMAX, HSPA+, 3G, GSM Country List. Retrieved from: www.worldtimezone.com/4g.html (29.09.2016). |
| 64. | WorldBank (2012). Urban Development. Retrieved from: http://data.worldbank.org/topic/ urban-development. |
| 65. | Worldbank (2014). PPP In infrastructure resource centre. Retrieved from: http://ppp.worldbank. org/public-private-partnership/agreements. |
| 66. | Yardley, M. (2012). Developing successful Public-Private Partnerships to FosterInvestment in Universal Broadband Networks. ITU, Regulatory and Market Environment Division of the Telecommunication. ITU. Retrieved from: www.itu.int/ITU-D/treg/Events/Seminars/GSR/ GSR12/documents/GSR12_BBReport_Yardley_PPP_7.pdf (7.04.2013). |